Status and the norms and values of Hipsters Research Paper

Status and the norms and values of Hipsters - Research Paper Example Research questions i) Is subculture still relevant in the society of today? ii) How does subculture existence in the society help in society building? iii) Is the subculture today the same as it was in the yester years? iv) Do people still identify with the subcultures? v) Why would the society still need subcultures? Research hypothesis HO: Subculture is still very relevant to the society of today and its role cannot be overlooked. HA: Subculture is not relevant to the society today and its role can be overlooked Literature review In each and every society there exists a subculture to which different people belong to. A subculture can be categorized as a group of individuals that share similar unique behavior and beliefs which make them unique. This groups allow for people to congregate and share very many things under the guidance of set principles and norms. Their beliefs and behaviours are guided by a certain code to which they tow and adhere to. Share of so much in common within a subculture only serves to foster peace and unity as well as love and understanding within the subculture members. Subcultures also give people a sense of identity and belonging as individuals from a certain subculture can identify themselves with subculture to which they belong. ... Although crucial to the existence of the people, it cannot be ignored that the existence of subcultures also comes along with its challenges which range from tribalism, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, narrow mindedness, hatred and a wide range of many other negative prejudice. Therefore in identifying with this groups and choosing what subculture to belong to or identify with, careful consideration needs to be taken so that the need to identify with a group does not bring about unfair judgement and discrimination amongst people that have existed so peacefully before. An individual can belong to several subcultures and it can allow them to identify with these cultures but it should also serve as an opportunity to foster messages of peace and unity amongst a given set of friends, community, society, nation, continent and even the entire world at large. I am a member of XXXX course at YYYY School. We are a total of 200 students currently attending this program which constitutes a subcultur e. This is because we share the same goal and adhere to several common rules which are supposed to guide our behaviours in pursuit of the same goal, which is to be excellent professionals in the field we have chosen to undertake. The set standards aply to all over us like for instance the course is supposed to take a 4 year period during which we are expected to have class sessions that is supposed to strictly be attended to. During the period we are also anticipated to be taking regularly at certain fixed intervals as well as assignment and term papers with an aim of assessing our understanding and progress during the entire period of the program undertaken. The program also has helped us the students of

Analysis of two commercial brands of bleaching solution Essay Example for Free

Analysis of two commercial brands of bleaching solution Essay Objective To determine the concentrations of the active ingredients in 2 commercial bleaches. Introduction Sodium hypochlorite is usually found in bleaching solutions. It is the active ingredient of bleaching solutions. It bleaches by oxidation. When it is added to dye, the following reaction occurs: ClO- + dye - Cl- + (dye + O) If the oxidized form of the dye is colorless, then the color of the dye would fade away. In the presence of acid, the hypochlorite ions from the bleaching solution reacts with the iodine ions from potassium iodide in the following way: ClO- + 2I- + 2H+ I2 + H2O + Cl-. When sodium thiosulphate solution is added into this reacted solution, a further reaction occurs: I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62- This reaction could be used in titration to find out the number of moles of thiosulphate ions, thus the concentration of hypochlorite ions in the bleaching solution. Procedure 1. 10 cm3 of Kao Bleach was pipette into a volumetric flask. Distilled water was added until the meniscus reaches the graduation point. 2. 25 cm3 of the titrated bleach was pipette into a conical flask. About 10 cm3 of potassium iodide and dilute sulphuric acid was added into the conical flask. 3. The solution was titrated with sodium thiosulphate solution until the brown colour of the iodine fades. 4. Starch solution was added into the conical flask, and the solution was further titrated until the dark-brown colour of the starch-iodine complex turns to colourless. The volume of sodium thiosulphate solution required to reach the end point was recorded. 5. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated 3 more times. 6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated using Clorox Bleach. Data and Calculation Molarity of standard Na2S2O3 solution = 0. 05182M Brand A: Kao Price: $11. 9/ 1500ml Trial 1 2 3 Final reading/cm3 26. 8 23. 1 25. 7 26. 0 Initial reading/ cm3. 4. 1 0. 4 2. 9 3. 2 Volume of Na2S2O3 22. 7 22. 7 22. 8 22. 8 Average no. of moles of Na2S2O3 used in the titration: 0. 05182 X (22. 7 + 22. 8 X 2)/3 X 0. 001 = 1. 180 X 10-3 moles So, there are (1. 180 X 10-3 /2) =5. 90 X 10-4 moles of I2 in the reaction So, there are 5. 90 X 10-4 moles of ClO- ions in the diluted solution. Concentration of ClO- in Kao bleach = 5. 90 X 10-4 X 10 /10 X 1000 =0. 5899M Brand B: Clorox Price: $21. 9/ 2840ml Trial 1 2 3 Final reading/cm3 33. 5 32. 4 32. 0 33. 2 Initial reading/ cm3 2. 7 1. 3 0. 9 2. 3 Volume of Na2S2O3 30. 8 31. 1 31. 1 30. 9 Average no. of moles of Na2S2O3 used in the titration: 0. 05182 X (30. 9+ 31. 1 X 2)/3 X 0. 001 = 1. 608 X 10-3 mole So, there are (1. 608 X 10-3 /2) =8. 041 X 10-4 moles of I2 in the reaction So, there are 8. 041 X 10-4 moles of ClO- ions in the diluted solution. Concentration of ClO- in Kao bleach = 8. 041 X 10-4 X 10 /10 X 1000 =0. 8041M Conclusion The concentration of ClO- in Kao is 0. 5899M while that of Clorox is 0. 8041M. Discussion 1. When we add starch solution into the conical flask, the solution turns dark blue. After that, when we add a few drops of sodium thiosulphate, the colour of the solution would turn colourless. We must be careful when we are doing this step. This is because the starch-iodine complex does not show graduation of color change. We may get pass the end point easily. The readings would be inaccurate. 2. Dilute sulphuric acid is irritating. So we must be extra careful in using it. How did I use sulphuric acid more safely? I used a larger measuring cylinder to measure out the amount of sulphuric acid. The likeliness of spilling the acid would be lower. 3. After I had done all the experiments, I found out that the tip of the pipette was broken. When I asked Mr. Leung, he said that the pipette could not be used anymore. Why? I could think of 2 reasons. First, the broken tip of the pipette could cause danger when we are using the pipette. We would have a higher chance of getting our finger cut. Second, the broken tip of the pipette may cause the solution to be carried to leak. So, it is unreliable. Answers to Study Question 1. (a) Amount of active ingredient in Kao: 0. 5899 X (35. 5 + 16) = 30. 38 g /dm3 Amount of active ingredient in Clorox: 0. 8041 X (51. 5) = 41. 41 g/dm3 (b)Cost per gram of Kao: (11. 9 X 1000/1500) /30. 38 = $0. 2611 per gram Cost per gram of Clorox: (21. 9 X 1000/2840) / 41. 41 = $ 0. 186 per gram 2. As Clorox is of a lower price, it is the better buy. 3. Adding potassium iodide in excess ensures that all chlorate ions have reacted. Only when all the chlorate ions have been reacted that the amount of iodine formed can fully reflect the amount of chlorate ions in the solution. This ensures that the volume of sodium thiosulphate used in the titration can be used to determine the number of moles of chlorate ions in the solution. 4. When an acid is added into a solution of chlorate and iodine ions, iodine would be liberated. The iodine can then be used in titration to determine the amount of the chlorate ions. 5. The second way it may deteriorate is by decomposition by sunlight: 2H+ + 2ClO- - 2HCl + O2 The chlorate ions, under sunlight, decompose back to chlorine ions and the bleaching ability of the bleaching solution is reduced. 6. This is because before reaching the end point, starch solution will not show any signs of being close to the end point. Other indicators will. For example, if methyl orange is close to its end point, it will first change the color of the solution to orange. Then, the solution would turn back to its original colour. In this way, we will know that we are close to the end point and we would add the solution more slowly. However, similar characteristics could not be found when we use starch as an indicator. So, we may get pass the end point easily. This problem is solved by titrating the iodine solution without any indicator first. After the brown color of iodine vanishes, we know that we are very close to the end point. At this stage, adding starch solution can tell us whether there is still iodine in the solution. As we know that we are already very close to the end point, we would add the solution more slowly. It would be lees likely to shoot pass the end point.

Exploring New Trends Of Literature

Exploring New Trends Of Literature Effortless and high-speed access to internet through mobile phones and computers has made the man impatient, edgy and hungry for knowledge. No one has time to stop, to read and to enjoy. The busy life of man leaves him no time for leisure and hobbies. In this fast-paced world, knowledge is wider with little words. Somehow, words seem not as importance as they used to be. Books, newspapers, journals have taken a back-seat in this electronic-age. In America most major paper publications like the New York Times or the wall street Journal are having trouble surviving in face of the alternate media that is the internet. Cybernetic reading is displacing linear, closed, solitary reading. It is transforming the process of literary reading. The reader is continuously exposed to inter- textual ties and virtual ties of mass media and that of information technology. People, moreover kids today have short attention-spans. Long drawn out sentences, never ending paragraphs and detailed long descrip tion are not comprehensible to them. For example: Thomas Hardy. Hardy has a flair for the native lands and usually writes pages describing landscapes which is not appreciated by todays reading audience. I mean, how do we relate? There are no landscapes left which we can see and admire their beauty! Literature has faced uncountable changes ever since its existence. Passing through all the ages, it has flourished richly. In the age of cybernetics, literature has become an art form. Its being redefined as per the needs of a younger population. Modern tools have helped literature become an equalizer between the haves and the have-not. SMS has created new room for urban quotations and poems. Stories can now be presented in 140 characters or less. No wonder we say the world is growing smaller. Flash fiction and micro-fiction have sidelined long elaborative patterns of writing. Earlier people used to spend hours in libraries searching and reading up on information for their answers and papers. Now, however all one needs to do is GOOGLE it! An entire world of information is accessible at the click of a mouse. The same is with dictionaries. Oxford, which was once considered the bible for literature students is no more that important. Almost all the mobile phones have dictionaries. And i f not that, there is still the web. Software like Word web etc provides one with the meaning for almost all the words. The 6 word novel is a new field for writers to experiment. After she died, he came alive by Rebecca James and One gun, two shots, three dead by Marcy are examples of a six word novel. This is a new fashion of writing which is challenging and creative. It may be easy to write a long, narrative and detailed novel but writing a novel as short as six words requires innovation. Hundred years back no one would have thought of writing a novel in six words. Mr. Dickens is definitely turning in his grave. Six word novels leave the reader curious and thoughtful. The meaning is also left to readers interpretation. It requires a lot of creativity and imagination We are moving ever closer to the concept of the Death of the Author, that Roland Barthes had propounded. The text now has more and more gaps that makes it more and more readerly than writerly. Further Blogging sites have given opportunity to upcoming, amateur writers. They are getting more and more popular. Flash fiction too is an in thi ng. It has restricted words and the idea has to be flashy and catchy. The famous example is Aesops Fables. It is loved by all due to its concise form of writing and implied moral. Even famous writers like OHenry, Ernest Hemingway, and Anton Chekov as flash fiction writers. Examples Twitter fiction refers to original, self-contained works of fiction in each tweet published by Twitter users. Twitter fiction is being classified into certain new literary genres, which are given new names by combining the name of the different genres with the name of the application. Therefore, Thrillers become Twillers, Haikus become Twaikus and Short Stories become Twistories or Twisters. Twitter has come about as a revolution. A television serial SHIT MY DAD SAYS which makes its CBS debut in September is based on a Twitter feed started by struggling comedy writer Justin Halpern in 2003, who captured his own fathers salty language and forthright observations. As an expression of postmodern literature, twitter fiction shares characteristics of micro-fiction (printed), such as brevity, multiple meanings and inter-textual ties. Literature is also an art of writing; the above mentioned forms are not only new trends and ways of enhancing but also re-altering art. It has diverse, exigent and very spontaneous forms and unlike the conventional. It has gained immense popularity. It gives you the pleasure of knowledge and quenches your curiosity in small and controlled doses. It definitely creates new and different genres of literature. These forms have come in to acceptance because of their popular demand. These new and recent trends are unimaginable concepts from the point of view of anyone living a few decades ago. Blogging, twittering, micro blogging, 6 word novels, all of them are changing the trends of literature with regards to reading and writing. Its giving opportunity to upcoming talent and is helping decentralize the processes of who gets to publish what in the world of literature. Of course, these new trends are fascinating and interesting but, according to some literary purists, it is degrading the classics and the conventions of literature. Literary purists are put off by internet slang, which according to them gives rise to the abuse of language and superficiality. Especially on Twitter, for e.g.: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is: Rich kid thinks everyone is fake except for his little sister. Has breakdown. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen has become: Woman meets man called Darcy who seems horrible. He turns out to be nice really. They get together. Dantes Inferno is boiled down to: Im having a midlife crisis. Lost in the woods. Should have bought my iPhone. These are non-formal free form styles of writing and they often neglect grammatical errors, wrong use of vocabulary and have little respect for the great works of literature from which some of them copy. These are shorter than short stories, flashier than flash fiction and now they have beco me Twititure. SMS and Facebook poetry have been claimed to have degraded the language, vocabulary, form and conventions of writing too. Urban words and slangs are becoming common to every mouth. To some, phrases like ash hole, zombie Jesus, directionally challenged, pen you in dont make sense. Nor do they consider it as any form of valid language. Grammar is lost and has almost disappeared in todays scenario. SMS languages have ruined the role of vocabulary and spelling. Spellings with missing vowels are now growing famous. The fast-paced life is short-lived for literature. No longer do many want to learn the details of any book, grammar or even poetry. Somehow, Classics are now growing old fashioned and boring. Anything that is short and interesting is definitely catchy for todays generation. We want to know everything now! Who cares if its missing a comma or two or that it lacks in depth and research. Lastly in cybernetic culture, hypertext may survive as an art form by offering pleasures of virtual immediacy, spontaneity, rich web of texts in various media and interactivity for the reader. Literature as a form of art, can be studied in depth; adding more weightage to the content. Otherwise the subject in itself is losing its importance and charm. Hypertext version can be the boon to revive Literature. For e.g. D.G. Rosettis The Blessed Damozel in its hypertext version will have the poem and the painting juxtaposed. Using zoom in and zoom out the student and/or reader can view the relevant sections of the painting and be able to relate better with the poem. How many times have we literature students heard the word boring being tagged along with our stream of study. The decisive moment of literary life will be that of reading. Mankind is beginning to understand how to dismantle and reassemble the most complex and unpredictable of all its machines: Language. Earlier people used to write diaries but it has now become the talk of the past. Reliving memories through Facebook, twitter and other networking sites is a lot easier. Uploading of pictures on Facebook saves man from the tedious task of taking care of albums or preparing scrapbooks (Anyway there is no space to keep them!) All the friends have an access to the albums online and are free to add their comments on the pictures saving it till the account survives. Is it necessary? Todays world is far richer in words and concepts and signs than the world that surrounded primitive man. Far more people are getting involved, are taking part in the process or writing than ever before. The changing face of literature is an uncontrollable factor, whether its good or bad is undetectable and unknown.

Creating a Strong and Unified America :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Creating a Strong and Unified America Motoring down the roadway, I take in blurs of red, white, and blue, whizzing past my scope of vision. I am referring to, of course, the vast number of American flags attached to the cars of local residents and residents throughout the nation. This sudden splurge of patriotism can be attributed to the war, but that is not to say that patriotism has not existed before this war—it has also existed during the course of every American war, along with the cries of anti-war protestors. But does patriotism stand as strong during times of peace? One of the many duties of citizens is to love the nation they are born into because a nation depends on individuals who understand what it means to be a citizen. To begin understanding citizenship, we must first have an idea of America’s past. In David McCullough’s essay â€Å"Why History?† he writes, â€Å"The Department of Education reported that more than half of all high school seniors hadn’t even the slightest basic understanding of American History†(88). We must know our history to know where we came from, and according to a speech by Alan Kors, professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania, it is important for us to understand mistakes made by our nation in the past so as to not â€Å"†¦lose sight of human moral weakness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (9). The moral weaknesses Kors references are anti-Semitism, racial discrimination, corruption of power, and, of course, slavery. Kors explains that we should not look down at our nation for the existence of these flaws, but rather look at how they have been for the most part abolished. America welcomes Jews; racial injustices were addre ssed in the 14th and 15th Amendments. Slavery, which is â€Å"the most universal of all human institutions,†(Kors 9) was dubbed as an immoral practice by American â€Å"†¦values and agency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Kors 9) and was abolished. A nation cannot exist without citizens who understand the morals and values by which it was established and also what responsibilities they must live up to. In an essay by Peter Gomes, he quotes the American judge at the Nuremberg Trials as saying, â€Å"†¦it is the function of the citizen to keep the government from falling into error†(Jackson qtd.

The Structure of Myth and the Structure of Western Film

? The Structure of Myth and the Structure of Western Film Based on Saussure (1974), structuralism is a theoretical method derived from his theoritical work. He divides language into two component parts which together produce a third (signifier, signified and meaning). According to him, meaning is produced through a process of combination and selection. As Saussure insists, â€Å"In language, there are only differences without positive terms†¦ language has neither ideas not sounds that existed before the linguistic system, but only conceptual and phonic differences that have issued for the system. (1974: 120) Saussure divides language into langue and parole. Langue refers to system of language, the rules and conventions which organized it. Parole refers to individual utterance, the individual use of language. Structuralism takes two basic ideas from Saussure’s work. First, a concern with the underlying relations of cultural text and practices – the grammar which ma kes meaning possible. Second, the view that meaning is always the result of the interplay of relationship of selection and combination made possible by the underlying structure. According to Levi – Strauss, the myths are structured in terms of binary opositions. All myths also have similar social culture function within society. Their purpose is to make the world explicable, to magically resolveits problems and contradictions. In sixguns and society, Will Wright (1975) use both methodologies to analyze the Hollywood Western as myth. According to Wright, the western has evolved through three stages: classic, transition theme and professional. He also identifies a basic set of structuring opositions: inside society >< outside society, good >< bad, strong >< wilderness (49). In order to fully understand the social meaning of a myth, it is necessary to analyze not only its binary structure but also its narrative structure – the progression of event and the resolution of conflicts. The classic western is divided into sixteen narrative functions. Those are: 1. The hero enters a social group. 2. The hero is unknown to the society. 3. The hero is revealed to have an exceptional ability. 4. The society recognizes a difference between themselves and the hero; the hero is given a special status. 5. The society does not completely accept the hero. . There is a conflict of interests between the villains and the society. 7. The villains are stronger than the society; the society is weak. 8. There is a strong friendship or respect between the hero and a villain. 9. The villains threaten the society. 10. The hero avoids involvement in the conflict. 11. The villains endanger a friend of the hero. 12. The hero fights the villains. 13. The hero defeats the villai ns. 14. The society is safe. 15. The society accepts the hero. 16. The hero loses or gives up his special status. (48-9) Poststructuralism and popular movie Poststructuralists reject the idea of an underlying structure ultimately determining the meaning of a cultural text or practice. For poststructuralists, meaning is always process, a momentary stop in a continuous flow of possibilities. Jacques Derida (1973) has invented a new word to describe the divided nature of the sign: meaning both to defer and to differ. The sign is made meaningful for Saussure by being different. Derrida adds to this notion that meaning is also always deferred, never fully present, always both absent and present. Jacques Lacans poststructuralist account of the development of the subject has had an enormous influence on both cultural studies and film studies. Lacan takes Freud’s developmental structure and rearticulates it through a critical reading of structuralism to produce a poststructuralist psychoanalysis. According to Lacan, we make a journey through three determinate stages of development. Those three determinate stages are: 1. mirror phase 2. the fort-da game 3. Oedipus complex Laura Mulvey’s (1975) work is in part an attempt to appropriate the poststructuralist psychoanalysis on Lacan for a feminist film criticism. Using Lacan, she constructs an analysis of how popular cinema produces and reproduces what she calls the male gaze. The inscription of the image of women inthis system is twofold: she is the object of a male desire, and she is the signifier of the threat of castration. A particular problem for cultural studies is Mulvey’s account of the audience as purely textual- a homogenous and passive production of the text. There is no room in Mulvey’s theory for social, historical subjects who arrive at the cinema with a range of competing and contradictory discourses, which confront and negotiate with the discourse of the film.

Haverwood Case Analysis Essay

Haverwood Furniture Individual Summary Introduction: In 2008, Haverwood Furniture and Lea-Meadows Inc. merged into one company. The issue at hand involves merging the selling efforts of the two companies. They both go about selling their products differently and the best plan of action is uncertain. John Bott, of Haverwood, believes that Haverwood sales representatives implement the best selling strategy whereas Martin Moorman, the national sales manager at Lea-Meadows believes that they have the superior strategy. Haverwood is a manufacturing company that makes medium-high priced furniture made out of wood. Net sales for Haverwood was 75 million in 2007 with a before tax profit of 3.7 million. They employ their own sales representatives who represent 1000 different retail accounts for the company. These representatives earn an annual salary of 70,000 (plus expenses) and receive a commission of .5% of the company’s net sales. Haverwood believes that their sales personnel are highly regarded in the furniture industry, knowledgeab le about wood furniture, and willing to work with buyers and retail sales personnel. The only negative aspect about Haverwood’s selling strategy is that all of the retail accounts that the merger will create do not carry the complete Haverwood line. In order to combat this, Botts was instructed to push the sales reps, urging them to make 10 sales calls per week and increasing the call frequency to seven calls per year. On the other hand, Lea-Meadows is a small, privately owned manufacturer of upholstered furniture for living and family rooms. The company is known for using some of the finest fabrics and frame construction. Their net sales in 2007 were 5 million. Total industry sales for upholstered furniture manufacturers were 15.5 billion. This number is expected to increase 3% annually in the future. Lea- Meadows employs 15 sales agents. These agents also represent several manufacturers of noncompeting furniture and home furnishings. Sales agents are paying 5% of net company sales. The agents call on specialty furniture and department stores. They called an estimated 1000 retail accounts in 2006 and 2007. All of the agents had relationships with and worked closely with their retail  accounts. Alternatives: Option 1: Assign Lea-Meadows Line to Haverwood Sales Force Botts believes that assigning the line to Haverwood sales force was the correct decision because they have a professional, adaptable and knowledgeable sales force and they know many of the buyers personally who were responsible for upholstered furniture. In addition the Haverwood sales team has a 5% higher profit margin than that of Lea-Meadows. In addition, taking on the Lea-Meadows line would require only about 15% of current sales call time, making it relatively easy for the sales force to take on. Botts also called on the company motto that â€Å"only our people are able and willing to give†, meaning that Lea-Meadows salespeople would not represent the principles the company was founded on. His final reason was that it wouldn’t look favorably on the company if representatives and agents called on the same stores and buyers, which would also mean that Haverwood would possibly be paying commission twice on one sale. However Bates knows that it would be difficult to train the Haverwood sales representatives on all of the different aspects of the Lea-Meadows line. Break Even Analysis: Costs: $700,000 in salaries $130,000 in sales administration Total: $830,000 Break Even Equation $830,000+(.005x)=.05x X= $18,444,444.44 This number means that if the expected sales volume is greater than $18,444,444.44 then the company’s sales force should be used. If the expected sales volume is less than $18,444,444.44 then the independent sales agents should be used. For Haverwood, since their projected sales is equal to 78 million [((12,900,000-12,400,000)/12,400,000) industry growth is 4%, applied that to Haverwood sales], it signifies that Bates should use the Haverwood Sales force to sell the Lea-Meadows line. Option 2: Keep Lea-Meadows Sales Agents Moorman believes keeping the sales agents for the Lea-Meadows line is the right decision. He called upon the fact that the agents (and he, himself) have already established contacts and were highly regarded with years of experience. The sales agents would also be a very small cost beyond commission. In addition he believes that the agents are committed to the line. Moreover he argued that some of the Lea-Meadows agents called upon buyers that were not contacted by the Haverwood sales reps. Finally, he disagreed that the Haverwood sales reps could easily learn about the Lea-Meadows line. With the combinations of fabric, skirts, pillows, springs, and fringes the company has, the sales rep would have to be knowledgeable about over 1 billion possibilities. However, as shown by the break even analysis, it is not economically justifiable for these two companies to operate separately any longer. Just by the economics, it is an easy decision for Bates to just use the Haverwood sales agents. Bates, However has personal ties with Moorman which affects his decision. If they do not use the Lea-Meadows sales agents, then Moorman will lose his job. Although this is a significant factor for Bates, it is obvious that using Haverwood sales representatives if the right decision for the company in terms of profitability. Option 3: Hire More Sales Reps The third option that Bates is considering is hiring additional sales representatives. These sales representatives would be trained to understand Haverwood and Lea-Meadows furniture. However, doing so would require restructuring the sales territories and would possibly take commissions away from existing sales representatives. It also does not seem necessary to take on additional sales reps after conducting the break even analysis. Recommendation Because of the break-even analysis, it is easy to see that Bates should decide to solely use Haverwood, Inc. sales representatives. It is more profitable for the company to give these accounts to the Haverwood sales reps. It would also allow Bates to have more control over the sales representatives as they would all be Haverwood reps and not Lea-Meadows.

Counselling Assignment Essays

Counselling Assignment Essays Counselling Assignment Essay Counselling Assignment Essay Essay Topic: 12 Angry Men It is a vital function of our memory systems. It also helps people to connect and relate with each other. However, stereotyping can also be based on assumptions and presumptions about people Which leads to sentimentalism and can result in a bypass Of the counselors capacity for empathy. As such, it is highly relevant to the counseling experience. Stereotypes are not fresh or born of the present moment and tend to reduce the dull humanity of a person and obscure the bigger picture. Rather than deny that we make assumptions and operate from stereotypes, our tutors have proposed that it is much more healthy and lawful to the counseling process for the counselor to be aware of any stereotypes they might have. The value of recognizing a stereotype is that it trees both parties from inauthentic relating. I would guess that the more difference there is between the client and the counselor, the more likely a stereotype is to exist, To assess the worth or quality of the relevance of stereotyping and see both the strengths and weaknesses Of it, Will take the following examples. As a counselor, would first Of all need to be very aware Of my own personal stereotyping. For instance, do hold the view that young people in their ass are too young to fully appreciate or relate to the value of money, This impedes me from being able to see the true values that a young client would be putting on money. They might not he able to organize their money or plan for things they want to do in the future due to inexperience, and they might need some help in this area, but the judgment would be holding would not let me see this need. The relevance of stereotyping comes from people observing patterns of human nature in other people and perhaps in themselves. The danger of it being a shorthand is that it can mean e objectify other people and do not allow ourselves to have a direct fresh up-to-date heartfelt relationship With the person Who we are relating With. As a counselor to a young person in their ass, I would need to find simple open questions that allowed the client to explore his relationship with money. I might also reveal my own struggles With money management, in order to create empathy. Our tutors pointed out that honoring difference, valuing differences, can deepen the connection or bond between counselor and client by deepening the capacity for empathy. Personally, I feel I dont carry any prejudices about people?s racial backgrounds. Ive traveled a lot in my life and found many ways to connect with people of different races. However because of difficulties have had while working in Scotland, do hold prejudices against Scottish people. The only strength or value I can see of holding this stereotype or prejudice about the Scottish national identity wool be if it were to be true for the client in any given moment. For instance, one aspect of this that I feel to be true is that Scottish people hold themselves to be different, and generally to be badly treated by their English neighbors. It could be helpful to assess freshly with the client the veracity of this particular stereotype. If the stereotype is actually true, for the client, then they can be c value for it. If it is not true, this might be an opportunity for empathy in connection with the client. Where stereotyping might make a valuable contribution is when it holds a truth for the client at that moment. If the client uses a stereotype to present themselves, and it is true, it is no longer a Stereotype. Many Scottish people have over the centuries been themselves victim of stereotyping and prejudice by the English neighbors. Discrimination. This is why they are unhappy about it. But to be on the receiving end of something that is historical and for which I have no responsibility for his painful and irksome and makes me feel somehow invisible and unvalued as a person with individuality and a contribution to make to the present moment. Also, if the client is presenting them selves and talking about themselves as a stereotype, almost as a cliche of themselves, it would be helpful to look at this in terms of symbiotic identification and individuation processes. A client who says L am like my ad, like my beer, I like my dinner on the table at 6 oclock, I like my women in short skirts and support Gaston Villa. Asking open questions that guide the client to an appreciation of the implicit exchange in his relationships might well be a challenge to somebody who has such a stereotypical view of himself. And to take another example, I would personally hold the news of a client revealing that she is pregnant to be positive. If a client, for instance, were to reveal that to me, and I were to automatically assume that this is good news for the client, I might miss attuning to her real feelings about eyeing pregnant. Being interested in her direct experience would be more helpful. So a question like L could imagine that this would be good news of some people but not so great for others, how is this news for you? Would help the counselor attune to the clients direct experience of being pregnant Language Issues. Assessing the worth or value of the relevance of language issues to the counseling process needs to be taken on a case-by-case basis. Competence in the shared language that the counseling process is conducted in would be an easy and comfortable assumption to make. The issue of the language that as used in the counseling process might be much less significant in cases where such spe cific circumstances were not present. But if the client is foreign, or has a stammer a stutter, or has been severely abused for speaking their mind, the counselor would need to take into account the specific circumstances in order to attune to the needs of their client. The impact of the act of speaking might be very emotionally charged in these cases, in which case the counselor would need to place a very high value and importance on the language that they used and the impact that the language had on their client. As well as the emotional processes that were engaged by the client when they begin to speak. The way a counselor speaks is also significant in the counseling process. If the counselor comes from a middle or upper class background, and speaks in a way that the client deems to be overly posh, it might be more difficult to establish a rapport with the client. Because the client might think that the counselor doesnt have the same problems and experiences and difficulties that they do. Have faced this particular difficulty myself when working as a supply teacher in a special needs school. The young students came from deprived working class families and they did not believe that I could understand their difficulties and that I would be judging them. This prejudice was difficult to overcome in the short time that I had to work with them. I personally remember seeing a Gestalt therapist about 25 years ago with the issue of language became very significant to me. I found him critical of me for using flowery language to describe my experience. This became one of the significant reasons why stopped working with him. Different Belief Systems. The area of religious belief can have a powerful impact on the way a client experiences their world. What affects the value is the strength with which the client holds to their belief systems. If the counselor is working with a person who has a strong belief in a Christian God, for instance, and they have experienced a tragic loss of their child, the client might be angry with God and suffer a crisis of faith because God has taken their child away from them, or on the other hand, might feel soothed and supported by a belief in a higher power that has a grand design for our lives. The counselor who does not respect such a faith will not be able to serve this client well. And if a unsolder who is not a Muslim is counseling a Muslim, it might be difficult for them to understand not only the religious but also the community links that are Muslim client might value. In this case it will be helpful for the counselor to be very direct about the differences and ask for the client to explain his own particular perspective. On the other hand, if the client does not hold beliefs that have been taken on from a religious code, it becomes important to look at the beliefs that the client has decided for themselves out Of their direct experience Of living in within their family and social culture. Family Structures. Neurologically, the family environment in which we grow up is immensely significant to the kind of person we become. Cannot evaluate the relevance of this theme of a family structures highly enough. I would value it as, generally, the highest of all influences. Mom from a small family, with one brother, one auntie and two cousins who live in Italy. I find it difficult to understand people who grow up in a large family and the need to make a particular effort to compensate for my lack of experience in this area. I even find it difficult to imagine how somebody makes decisions about their life in allegations to their families demands and pressures. The rules of a family, be they spoken or not, are u sually very powerful influences on the values and decision-making processes of the client. Particularly if the counselor is committed to exploring the implicit emotional experience of the client, and the client grew up in a family which didnt do emotions or feelings, the counselor would need to attune his challenges and support for the clients emotional journey to the capacities of the client to even feel their own emotions. Such a family would probably feel threatened by the values of a unsolder who emphasizes feelings more than the family culture does. I have a friend who is the eldest child in a family of five; her mum had five children with five different men, none of whom she married. And another friend who was the eldest child out of six children that her mother had. Her dad disappeared before he was 20, and the other five children were fathered by her stepfather. Both of my friends have issues of over-responsibility and difficulties to make decisions in their own self interest due to the family structure in which they grew up in. Conversely, I grew up in a male orientated Emily. My father and younger brother, and a pretty unfeminine mother. It feels to me that I have gone on a long journey to understand and appreciate to the degree I do now that women are wired very differently from men. Became most intimately aware of this when lived with a partner who had two daughters Of ages six and nine. Realized during the 4 years we were together just how differently girls grow up from boys, and how their whole perspective on life, the physical emotional and mental filters through which they view their experience of the moment, is so different from boys. And revises such different value systems from those of boys. Eel still have a lot to learn about gender differences but at least have become aware of the different priorities of men and women. The question asks me to evaluate the relevance of family structures in the counseling process. Personally would place a very high value on this, I can see no counter argument whereby family structures would not be significant in the counseling process. Fifth client I was counseling were to have a similar family structure to myself, that could be both simpler, but potentially more difficult, than somebody whose family Truckee was very different from my own. Simpler because I might have similar experiences to refer to in myself, but potentially more difficult because I might assume that my client would respond in the same way and develop themselves in a similar way to me. This would be a very dangerous presumption to bring into the counseling space. Family Life Experiences I have had a girlfriend who was Turkish. When she had been divorcing her husband, named Tail, all her family relatives and all his family relatives met for a very long meeting one night to discuss whether their marriage should continue or not. The counselor needs to understand how their clients decisions might be affected by the size of their family as well as the traditions of their religion or country of origin. During childhood we learn very powerful lessons about money, sex and power from how our parents relate to money sex and power, for example. If the counselor has had a difficult relationship with money, feeling they are not rewarded properly for instance, and they are counseling a client who has a lot of money or has inherited a lot of money, there may be particular challenges within that working relationship that the unsolder needs to be aware of. If the counselors own relationship with their sexuality as a heterosexual person has not being comfortable, due to their father coming out as gay half way through the counselors childhood, it might be difficult to counsel the client who might be deciding to relate more Openly to their previously suppressed homosexuality, and in particular how they might present this to any children they may have. I remember a close friend of mine during my university days, when I was 22, deciding that she needed to tell people that she was a lesbian. As the first person that she told. This was a very powerful and moving moment in her life. She was mainly terrified. A counselor might be the first person that young person shares what might have been a secret for them up until then. This will be a very significant opportunity for the coo nestles to develop trust with their client. And in terms of power, remember visiting a friend of mines family for New Years Eve meal, where perhaps 15 of their family w ere present. I noticed that no one in the family was willing to take the lead and make a decision about any shared activity that we would participate in that evening. Contrasted it to there families that have visited where them was one powerful leader of the group, or two or three family members who are quite capable of expressing their opinions on getting what they want in conflict and opposition with other family members. The relevance of family life experiences can mediate disability very significantly. I remember meeting a woman in her mid-ass who had a form of dwarfism. As I got to know her realism that she grew up in a really loving family is one of five children in Newcastle. She was passionate about her job, working in the job centre to support other people with usability and because she had had such a loving family environment she was able to face the difficulties common to all humans with many more resources than an able-bodied person who did not have such a loving family structure to support their development in their childhood. Unfortunately, due to her dwarfism, she unable to find a good man -? all the men I go out with are knobs was her precise phrase. I remember being very touched by her situation she clearly had so much love to give, and was so loved by her family, but due to her body shape she was unable to attract a man worthy of ere heart. As with the previous sub section to this question, I feel that family life experiences are highly relevant for both the counselor and the client. The main way that they become less relevant is for them to be shared openly, by the client in the counseling room, and by the counselor with their supervisor, if they are particularly triggered by this case; such sharing should allow for empathy to be created and the bond or connection between the counselor and client to be deepened. Learning Outcome Two. 2. 1 . Explain what is meant by cultural divisions and heritage. Cultural divisions offers to the way groups of people in a country feel affiliated to people who share specific aspects of their identity in terms of religion, culture, beliefs, national identity, class, the traditions of a family or a community, sexuality or the ethnic background in which they grow up. For instance the civil rights movement in USA divided the country along the lines of race or ethnic background. The issue of abortion creates conflict and division between those for and those against which can cause extreme violence and even homicide. Same sex marriage is another theme which can create cultural divisions thin a society. I am guessing the second part of the question refers to Cultural heritage. In which case this would refer to the way a religion, a national culture, a national identity, class or the traditions of a family or a community or sexuality or the ethnic background of a group within a larger society has historically influenced those groupings in a way which people either want to adhere to these values or want to break away from them. In Greece, for instance, pensions have traditionally been offering unsustainable levels of income (up to 90% sometimes) to the elderly because of the value Greeks place on their parental heritage. Religion endorses cultural heritage in the form of certain practices around the year Christmas, Ramadan, the Marching season in Northern Ireland, the Chinese New Year. Ways those groupings mourn and bury the dead. 2. 2. Using examples, analyses how the cultural heritage of clients might influence one-to-one counseling interactions. Religion. It feels easiest to me to begin with some more extreme examples. If the client had grown up in a family culture where religion was very important, can imagine that it might be difficult for them to find their own sense of self and orate decisions based on their own organic experience of their lives, as a humanist might. An obvious example might be someone growing up in a strongly Christian Bible-based religious community, which condemned homosexual activity, and that client would be homosexual. All sorts of conflicts and difficulties that arise as they repeat the injunctions against homosexual activity, and struggled to value their own sexual orientation. Personally, do not share the Christian injunctions against homosexual activity, and I believe it is important for where men and women to enjoy thee sexual preferences free of any dogma whatsoever. But Ive never had to experience the intense feelings of guilt and shame that can be felt by people whose family of origin takes a religious position against such a personal, intimate and private experience. A friend of mine grew up in her family of five; her father was a Protestant minister in France and a mother was heavily) involved in caring for the needs oftener Protestant community to the detriment of caring for the needs of her family. It was a family where person needs was sacrificed for the greater good of the community. 80th her father and mother had grown up as orphans, her father being 15 years old and the eldest son to 4 other children when his parents died. There was never any space for grieving the loss of his parents because of his position of responsibility. At the age of 22, her 29-year-old elder brother died on a Friday That Sunday he preached a sermon as usual and didnt mention the loss of his son. For my friend, this was something she finds very emblematic of her childhood circumstance and is unwilling to forgive her father for. In this fame circumstance grieving was not allowed due to the religious tenets and duties that the parents upheld. My friend hashed problems with asthma and her lungs since her adolescence. And is only recently embarking On a journey of individuation from the power of her familys belief systems are. Being unable to feel grief has contributed enormously to her difficulty to feel love and loving in her personal relationships. Since grief returns us back to our hearts Culture. Some estimates put the number of Polish people who have settled in the united Kingdom over the last 15 years at over 1 million. Many of these will have experienced their childhood under a communist regime, and virtually e of them will have had at least parent or grandparent rule has been severely affected by the Second World War. The individual and family trauma of experiencing war being waged in your own country, in your own town, around your own house, can only have a devastating effect on your capacity) to regulate your emotions, to share your emotions with other people, and etc parent your children; but this is something we as a human race are only just recently becoming aware of, and be able to address openly. And then to consider the national trauma of a country that lost 18% of its population in the Second World War. 18% is virtually one in five people; 6 1/2 million people dying and 27 million people surviving. How trauma is passed down from generation to generation as each tide faces the difficulties of human existence is something that I find very difficult to engage with; but imagine will at some point face working with people of Polish extraction. The challenges of working with people from Muslim Indian cultures would also b very interesting and challenging. I imagine that I would find it difficult to understand how somebody who grows up as one of eight children in a family Of, say, 12 uncles and aunties and 60 nephews and nieces. Member a Turkish tour guide I worked with for a number of months saying that the preference between Westerners and Turkish people is that we spend time alone and we make decisions alone. You live for yourselves, he said, We live for our families. He had an interesting cultural background himself, with his father being Muslim and his mother being Christian. They divorced very early after their marriage. Counseling him with his proclivity for young Russian prost itutes would be a very challenging experience. Beliefs. I happen to be associated through my role as step-parent with two people who have a very strong Christian faith; when they got married their wedding arts depicted 6,410 people walking on a path through clouds to some nebulous vision of heaven. With my own commitment to living in the present here and now, and an interest in a Gestalt approach to life, I can imagine it will be very difficult to work with people who believed that the most important thing in their lives was preparing for heaven, and that this life is merely a vale of tears that is preparing us for the promised land. Mind it difficult when people priorities their conceptual beliefs about other people in front of their heartfelt relationship with those other people. And discriminate against them. I can imagine it will be difficult to bring my own integrity forward in a way that respected their different approach, particularly children were involved. National Identity. I find people who are proud of their national identity rather boring and shallow. This is my own particular perspective. I know somebody who seems to believe that people who are English are just naturally better than people who are not. They have the English flag in their garden. I would want to direct their attention to personal differences and also to the way they use this stereotype to justify their choices and actions. American people tend to adore embody who speaks with a British accent and an American client might idols an English-speaking counselor in a way that will be detrimental to their own personal growth. They might project their positive virtues onto the counselor and the counselor would need to pay close attention to the power imbalance in these relationships. Class. I found myself liking to think that class is less significant in our society than it was when I was growing up 30 or 40 years ago. However, the sketch from TWO, That Was the Week that Was, with John Classes, Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett, where each actor introduced themselves as upper middle ND lower class, in accordance with their physical stature, still has a lot of pertinence in our British society, I believe. People make choices about how safe they feel with, for instance, young men of a lower class. As a counselor personally I would feel threatened and afraid of somebody who might be intimidated by perceiving me is from a middle-class background; if they were strong vigorous and kinesthesia I would feel personally threatened by the potential of them to attack me. Conversely, have found people expect me to be wealthy, effective and successful in the ways of the world because they receive me to be well educated intelligent middle-class. Because these have not been my actual values it has been sometimes difficult to bring my experience of myself to them as am in the face of their expectations and presumptions and assumptions. The traditions of a family or a community. Patterns of attachment play out very strongly in family and community affiliations. To belong and be accepted by our family of origin and our community is one of the most powerful drives in our neurological destiny as human beings. Where each person falls either side of this has a massive impact on their identity and the way they live their lives and how the experience satisfaction in their lives. There tend to be two main options within this frame: either one is basically successfully valued and accepted within the family of origin and community, or one falls on the other side of this pattern of identification and forms a sense of self in opposition to what outside the family or community groups. If one ends up on the inside track, the client might be identified with upholding the values and rules of their parents and community. Im thinking of the way the politician Gordon Brown resented himself to the British people as somebody who followed the values of his family (his father was a minister in the Church of Scotland). He grew up as the middle son of three brothers and identified himself very closely with the values of his family and community. He experienced himself as a defender of these values on the world stage. The loss of these values was something that he felt deep concern about and expended most of his political life trying to avoid. And there will be many examples of clients who land on the other side of the tracks of their family and communities conditioning; reaps the son of successful pioneering surgeon who just wants to be a farmer, or an artistic young woman who wants to dance but grows up in a family of accountants, or a person who grows up in a family of bankers and wants to do humanitarian work in Africa. Sexuality. As young people grow up to discover and embrace their sexual self- expression, they will inevitably be comparing themselves to be compared to the sexual orientation of their parents and their community. Communities that have strong sexual codes such as those Muslim and Hindu cultures that support arranged marriage might be unwilling to accept the difference of a on or daughter with gay or lesbian interests. Or even a person with very little interest in creating a sexual connection with another person, or simply dont want to get married. Remember my own father saying how relieved he was that I am not gay. I remember the example off friend of mine whose marriage was falling apart; she was very unhappy with her husband, with whom she had a son, and there was a lot of pressure from friends and family to stick with the marriage. I remember saying to me that she sought out a counselor at this time because the counselor was the only person who didnt have any advice or any agenda for her. She had fallen in love with another man but was unable to share that with her family and community for fear Of their judgment and criticism. And this was an apparently liberal English community without any particularly strong religious affiliations. Ethnic Background ND. The ethnic background of both counselor and client will inevitably have a powerful influence on one-to-one counseling interactions. If both counselor and client are white Caucasians, it would be reasonable to expect that a significant amount of presumed values could be inferred, and would not necessarily need to be enquired into together. If the counselor were white and the client were black, the differences might be significant; and might turn around the perception of racial superiority and inferiority, or racial hatred, that both members of the process might have. I have heard black people complain about there not being enough black counselors for their race, and I have heard of clients making choices about who their counselor will be depending on their racial origin. Racial diversity seems to be less here in Devon than in the major cities of the United Kingdom; but if the client feels that the counselor is unable to hear them fairly without being viewed wrought a prejudicial lens, is unlikely that the counseling process will be successful. For either members of the exchange. The counselor will need to own the difference perspectives that their racial background brings into the space and check them out on a moment by moment basis with the client. Some clients might not be happy with the amount of time that is taken with this process may grow impatient with the counselor and with having to explain what seems obvious to them and their counselor. 2. 3. Using examples, evaluate how your own cultural heritage might impact on counseling interactions with clients. Religion. I grew up in a household with no particular religious orientation. My father believed that God had betrayed him (so he stopped believing in him) and my mother decided, after growing up in a Methodist family, that God did not exist, but the values of Methodism were wholesome and worth using as guidance for her life. As a child and as a teenager was interested in religions, particularly Buddhism. I was fortunate enough to visit India at the age of 20 and was very influenced by the experiences there which took me out of my cultural perspective and gave me something much wider, more open and interesting than I had ever experienced in England.

Free Essays on Andrew Carnegie

One of the captains of industry of 19th century America, Andrew Carnegie helped build the formidable American steel industry, a process that turned a poor young man into one of the richest entrepreneurs of his age. Later in his life, Carnegie sold his steel business and systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for "the improvement of mankind." Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, the medieval capital of Scotland, in 1835. The town was a center of the linen industry, and Andrew's father was a weaver, a profession the young Carnegie was expected to follow. But the industrial revolution that would later make Carnegie the richest man in the world, destroyed the weavers' craft. When the steam- powered looms came to Dunfermline in 1847 hundreds of hand loom weavers became expendable. Andrew's mother went to work to support the family, opening a small grocery shop and mending shoes. "I began to learn what poverty meant," Andrew would later write. "It was burnt into my heart then that my father had to beg for work. And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got to be a man." An ambition for riches would mark Carnegie's path in life. However, a belief in political egalitarianism was another ambition he inherited from his family. Andrew's father, his grandfather Tom Morrison and his uncle Tom Jr. were all Scottish radicals who fought to do away with inherited privilege and to bring about the rights of common workers. But Andrew's mother, fearing for the survival of her family, pushed the family to leave the poverty of Scotland for the possibilities in America. She borrowed 20 pounds she needed to pay the fare for the Atlantic passage and in 1848 the Carnegies joined two of Margaret's sisters in Pittsburgh, then a sooty city that was the iron-manufacturing center of the country. William Carnegie secured work in a cott... Free Essays on Andrew Carnegie Free Essays on Andrew Carnegie The Gilded Age and Andrew Carnegie The Gilded age was a time of industrialization, a time where certain entrepreneurs became filthy rich. For the first time Americans had sewing machines, phonographs, skyscrapers, and even electric lights, yet most people labored in the shadow of poverty .Andrew Carnegie was and is still considered one of the greatest entrepreneurs of all times. He is the equivalent of today’s Bill Gates. Although he was known for making ruthless business trades he built an empire so strong, it made him the richest person in the World. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline Scotland in 1835. His father was a handloom weaver and decided to move his family to the United States in 1848 to join his other relatives that had already settled in Pittsburg . Things weren’t always easy for young Andrew. Like all Entrepreneurs Carnegie started off working in a cotton mill as a bobbin boy then worked his way up to telegrapher. It wasn’t long before Carnegie moved up again, this time he worked as Thomas Scott’s first assistant to the Pennsylvania Railroad . Carnegie eventually became superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad in 1859 . For the next six years he worked on improving the railroad systems. It wasn’t until 1865 when Carnegie resigned from the Pennsylvania railroad system in order to concentrate on some of his personal investments with the steel industry. At this point Carnegie realized America’s need for Steel and jumped at the opportunity. In 1865 he founded the Keystone Bridge, Co which made iron and steel . This made Carnegie a very wealthy man. I think the jump he made from the Railroads to the steel industry was the most influential part of his entire life. It is said that Carnegies success in the steel industry primarily came because surround himself with smart men, he invested in new equipment, and he owned most of his stock so he didn’t have to answer to anyone buy himself . By 1900 Carnegi... Free Essays on Andrew Carnegie One of the captains of industry of 19th century America, Andrew Carnegie helped build the formidable American steel industry, a process that turned a poor young man into one of the richest entrepreneurs of his age. Later in his life, Carnegie sold his steel business and systematically gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for "the improvement of mankind." Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, the medieval capital of Scotland, in 1835. The town was a center of the linen industry, and Andrew's father was a weaver, a profession the young Carnegie was expected to follow. But the industrial revolution that would later make Carnegie the richest man in the world, destroyed the weavers' craft. When the steam- powered looms came to Dunfermline in 1847 hundreds of hand loom weavers became expendable. Andrew's mother went to work to support the family, opening a small grocery shop and mending shoes. "I began to learn what poverty meant," Andrew would later write. "It was burnt into my heart then that my father had to beg for work. And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got to be a man." An ambition for riches would mark Carnegie's path in life. However, a belief in political egalitarianism was another ambition he inherited from his family. Andrew's father, his grandfather Tom Morrison and his uncle Tom Jr. were all Scottish radicals who fought to do away with inherited privilege and to bring about the rights of common workers. But Andrew's mother, fearing for the survival of her family, pushed the family to leave the poverty of Scotland for the possibilities in America. She borrowed 20 pounds she needed to pay the fare for the Atlantic passage and in 1848 the Carnegies joined two of Margaret's sisters in Pittsburgh, then a sooty city that was the iron-manufacturing center of the country. William Carnegie secured work in a cott...

Technical Proposal for an Architectual Small ompany Essay

Technical Proposal for an Architectual Small ompany - Essay Example ers of the small architectural company, it should establish certain technological IT solutions along with both hardware and software equipments to communicate with them working in the offsite. The company would entail these particular requirements in order to establish communication facilities with the architects and the architectural engineers for the sake of maintaining a smooth flow of business operations. An efficient flow of information through proper communication channels plays a crucial part in any business organisation. It makes easier to convey any sort of messages, helps to get the work done more efficiently developing a particular idea to be made aware for the participants. Moreover, a perfect as well as an adequate communication often leads toward avoiding any misunderstandings, raises the efficiency of the organisation and ultimately enhances the satisfaction of the workforce (Singla, 2009). After acquiring a brief idea regarding the importance of communication in busin ess organisations, this plan will chiefly be based upon the requirement of the communication facilities between the staffs and the senior officials of the small architectural company. In order to fulfil the requirement of the communication facilities, the small architectural company would have to purchase a few number of desktop computers accompanied with latest operating and software application programs. In addition, apart from these basic equipment requirements, the company also requires a medium of internet for emailing so that it would be convenient to create an efficient communicating network in the workforce, especially with the architects and the architectural engineers of the company working offsite. Contextually, in order to communicate with the engineers as well as the... After purchasing the desktop computers and installation of the software application programs, the architectural company should make proper use of the software programs to access different information regarding the staffs and the company’s performances. The user who would access the software application programs should also possess a detailed knowledge about the software application program. The inadequate execution and lack of knowledge amid the workforce regarding the software application programs might also lead the company to face a vulnerable situation. In this connection, the user should possess a deeper knowledge regarding the use of internet which can facilitate effective communication between the architects and the architectural engineers along with other staffs of the organisation. It is in this context that the proposed plan for the small architectural company would facilitate its communication procedure with the architects and the architectural engineers and will al so contribute in forming a strong base of computing technicalities.

Philosophy of Love and Desire Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Love and Desire - Assignment Example A relationship simply cannot count as love if the two people involved are not physically and emotionally compatible with each other. Sufficient Condition: Two people are said to be in love if they are taken by a strong feeling that they simply cannot live without each other. That is if two people are possessed by a strong feeling that they cannot live without each other, than it is sufficient to establish that the two people are in love with each other. Socratic Definition of Love: Love may be defined as a relationship in which the two people are physically and emotionally compatible with each other and are possessed by a strong feeling that they simply cannot live without each other. If the two people in love are not physically and emotionally compatible with each other than they are not in love. Similarly if the two people in a relationship can do without each other than they are not in love. These two criteria are sufficient two include within their ambit a range of love relations hips. Section B First Objection to the Definition of Love: In many Asian and African cultures, there is a tradition of arranged marriage in which the two people are made to marry each other in consonance with the desires of their families and communities and many of these individuals though not being physically and emotionally compatible and being able to live without each other, still manage to fall in love with each other. Then it could be said that the marital relationship between these two people is sans love, though for discernible purposes they may be taken to be in love with each other. Defense of the Definition: There is no denying the fact that emotional and physical compatibility and a strong sense that the two people cannot do without each other in a relationships tend to be two necessary and sufficient conditions for love. In some cultures as in the Western culture the two people involved in a love relationship are able to or allowed to establish their emotional and phys ical compatibility before marriage and are allowed to verify as to whether they can do without each other before marriage, so as to assure that they are in love with each other. There are other cultures as in the above mentioned objection where the two people are married as per the familial and social wishes and it is after marriage that the two people tend to discover their emotional and physical compatibility and a sense of belonging to each other. Thereby the two people in an arranged marriage can also fall in love with each other and are required to fulfill the before mentioned necessary an sufficient conditions to establish that they are in love. Thereby, an arranged marriage does not make an exception. Second Objection to the Definition of Love: What about the relationship between a prostitute and her customer, this relationship could be deemed to be love as it satisfies both the necessary and sufficient conditions for love. A prostitute and her customer are physically and emo tionally compatible. That is why they are able to make love to each other. They also cannot do without each other. A prostitute cannot do without her client as she draws her sustenance from him. The client also cannot do without the prostitute for that is why he agrees to pay her to make love to her. This is indeed a love relationship as it satisfies the above mentioned definition of love. Defense of the Definition: The relationship be

Picture of Mona Lisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Picture of Mona Lisa - Essay Example The painter himself, Leonardo Di Vinci, lived in Europe, Italy, and is world renown for his paintings all over the world. In his pieces of art, he usually made use of the natural angles, proportions and various patterns that gave him an edge over other painters of his time. This is one of the many pieces of arts that has been gifted to the world by the genius. Every angle of the picture holds some interest for the students of art and has led to various assumptions on each angle. For example, in case of eyebrows, it is being often said that they were removed unintentionally during the course of art-making. A scrupulous review of the picture reveals that there is hardly any hair on the face, the only one that can be detected is probably through the employment of single use of the brush. Regarding the subject of picture, the lady herself, on many occasions is being termed as a lady named Lisa Gherardini (Klein 15), who was born in the late XV century and the painter did not even give th e portrait to her just because he was totally obsessed with the art that he had crafted. The face expression has held attention of many over number of years through decades. The background of the picture equally compliments the facial expressions and beauty surrounding the face. Many pieces of his art were incomplete, however, due to his personal interest and fascination of the subject of the picture, the incumbent brought it to the level of perfection that has many in intrigue. Though exact date of this picture is unknown, yet it is being believed that picture sketching took place somewhere in the early days of the XVI century (between 1503 and 1506) (Goyer and Yorkey 210). The lady on the picture is often named as La Gioconda. It is being said that the entire portrait took nearly three years to reach the final point of completion or the point where it is  today.

Jordanian cuisine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jordanian cuisine - Essay Example Lamb and chicken meat is the most preferred choice of meat. Men and women do not dine together and eating with the right hand is the preferred method. The flavors include grains, cheese, herbs, fresh and dried fruits, yoghurt and spices. A team of professional chefs and local women camp at Petra kitchen in Petra to offer cookery lessons in making traditional Jordanian cuisine. Though the menu varies with seasons, a wide range of delicious dishes, mezze plates, a main dish, dessert or fresh fruits, bread (Shrak), and coffee dominates a Jordanian cuisine. The staple food of Jordan is Mansaf that takes hours in preparing and feasting. It consists of a lamb cooked in yoghurt, lightly spiced, seasoned with aromatic herbs, and served with rice. They reserved Mensef that is a Bedouin feast and the pride of Jordanian cuisine for special occasions like weddings. The preparation of Mensef entails the roasting of a whole sheep, serving huge chunks of the roasted meat with rice, yoghurt, and fried nuts on a huge plate. They also reserved a delicacy of softly cooked eyes for the guests of honor. Stuffed baby Lamb is also a popular dish in the traditional Jordan enjoyed as a main meal. It comprises a roasted lamb, nuts, rice, raisins, and chopped onions (The Hashemite kingdom of Jordan Web). There is a variety of kebabs in the Jordanian cuisine. Knafeh is the main dessert in a Jordanian cuisine and comprises of white cheese covered with sweet syrup and gooey. Jordanian wine is also acceptable in a Jordanian cuisine (Responsible travel Web). Cooking a Jordanian Cuisine is however easy and fun and requires no special equipment. Due to its delicious nature and simplicity in cooking, the Jordanian Cuisine has spread in Europe as well as maintaining its traditional aspects in

Tenet Healthcare Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tenet Healthcare - Term Paper Example Tenet has over one hundred thousand employees and has its headquarters in Dallas, Texas. As a National Medical Enterprise, attorneys John Bedrosian, Leonard Cohen and Richard Eamer established Tenet in 1967 (Brooks, Silverman and Wallen, 2015). By 1975, the enterprise owned and operated twenty-three hospitals and a home healthcare business. It grew to expand in the 1970s and the 1980s to the present Tenet Healthcare Corporation. Tenet’s stock price declined by over 70% in 2002 because of Federal Investigations. It was in 2003 when Tenet’s Commitment to Quality, an initiative to improve the safety, service, quality and outcomes of the care services was initiated. In an endeavor to rebuild its Ethics and Compliance Programs, a chief compliance officer reporting directly to the board of directors was hired. Tenet strived to achieve its financial performance goals in the face of many compliance challenges instituted by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Despite the many challenges, Tenet managed to use various strategies leading to its growth and expansion and the acquisition of many other companies. According to reports released on 20 January 2015, Tenet owned two hundred and ten outpatient centers. Its operated hospitals include two children’s hospitals, four academic medical centers, and a critical access hospital with 20,814 licensed beds and three specialty hospitals that primarily serve urban and suburban communities in fourteen states. Tenet subsidiaries own and lease medical office buildings located near Tenet hospital campuses. These subsidiaries operate freestanding and provider-based outpatient centers in 16 states, ambulatory surgery centers, diagnostic imaging centers and satellite departments. The Corporation owns over five hundred physician practices (Brooks, Silverman and Wallen,

Ethics and the Criminal Justice Profession Essay

Ethics and the Criminal Justice Profession - Essay Example In common ethical issues arising in the society, the criminal justice decides whether such act(s) could be ethically defended or not through the study of ethics. A case of ethical issue is shoplifting for the welfare of everybody in the family. In the utilitarian viewpoint of ethics, the above act could be defended provided that it is done because of providing the welfare of other individuals. Although the case is providing the necessaries for the family, such could still be considered utilitarian. In â€Å"retributive justice,† if an individual does an act of misconduct without any beneficial purpose, it is a manifestation of â€Å"imprudence,† but if it is done for a constructive purpose, it is justifiable (Hall, Dennis, and Chipman 348). In every act of an individual there really is a corresponding verdict. Yet, in cases concerning ethical judgments, more value of ethical justification is given to those acts which are done for beneficial purposes. Yet, it should also not be forgotten that in deciding over ethical issues, the rule of law and justice should always take its dominion. Furthermore, the ethical issues which are given greater ethical defenses could also be subjects to further justifications and scrutiny for an â€Å"other† party is also

Jordanian cuisine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jordanian cuisine - Essay Example Lamb and chicken meat is the most preferred choice of meat. Men and women do not dine together and eating with the right hand is the preferred method. The flavors include grains, cheese, herbs, fresh and dried fruits, yoghurt and spices. A team of professional chefs and local women camp at Petra kitchen in Petra to offer cookery lessons in making traditional Jordanian cuisine. Though the menu varies with seasons, a wide range of delicious dishes, mezze plates, a main dish, dessert or fresh fruits, bread (Shrak), and coffee dominates a Jordanian cuisine. The staple food of Jordan is Mansaf that takes hours in preparing and feasting. It consists of a lamb cooked in yoghurt, lightly spiced, seasoned with aromatic herbs, and served with rice. They reserved Mensef that is a Bedouin feast and the pride of Jordanian cuisine for special occasions like weddings. The preparation of Mensef entails the roasting of a whole sheep, serving huge chunks of the roasted meat with rice, yoghurt, and fried nuts on a huge plate. They also reserved a delicacy of softly cooked eyes for the guests of honor. Stuffed baby Lamb is also a popular dish in the traditional Jordan enjoyed as a main meal. It comprises a roasted lamb, nuts, rice, raisins, and chopped onions (The Hashemite kingdom of Jordan Web). There is a variety of kebabs in the Jordanian cuisine. Knafeh is the main dessert in a Jordanian cuisine and comprises of white cheese covered with sweet syrup and gooey. Jordanian wine is also acceptable in a Jordanian cuisine (Responsible travel Web). Cooking a Jordanian Cuisine is however easy and fun and requires no special equipment. Due to its delicious nature and simplicity in cooking, the Jordanian Cuisine has spread in Europe as well as maintaining its traditional aspects in

Ethics and the Criminal Justice Profession Essay

Ethics and the Criminal Justice Profession - Essay Example In common ethical issues arising in the society, the criminal justice decides whether such act(s) could be ethically defended or not through the study of ethics. A case of ethical issue is shoplifting for the welfare of everybody in the family. In the utilitarian viewpoint of ethics, the above act could be defended provided that it is done because of providing the welfare of other individuals. Although the case is providing the necessaries for the family, such could still be considered utilitarian. In â€Å"retributive justice,† if an individual does an act of misconduct without any beneficial purpose, it is a manifestation of â€Å"imprudence,† but if it is done for a constructive purpose, it is justifiable (Hall, Dennis, and Chipman 348). In every act of an individual there really is a corresponding verdict. Yet, in cases concerning ethical judgments, more value of ethical justification is given to those acts which are done for beneficial purposes. Yet, it should also not be forgotten that in deciding over ethical issues, the rule of law and justice should always take its dominion. Furthermore, the ethical issues which are given greater ethical defenses could also be subjects to further justifications and scrutiny for an â€Å"other† party is also

Conserrvation of Natural Resources Essay Example for Free

Conserrvation of Natural Resources Essay Resources are features of environment that are important and value of to human in one form or the other. However, the advancement of modern civilization has had a great impact on our planets natural resources. So, conserving natural resources is very essential today. There are many ways that one can conserve natural resources. All you need to do is to look around and see what natural resources you are using and find out ways to limit your usage. Most of the people use natural gas to heat their water and their home. You can monitor how much you are using this resource to minimize its usage. For conservation of natural resources like natural gas, one can get tank less water heater as it reduces the usage of natural gas. The other way to save natural gas is the use of another energy source for instance hydro, solar or wind power are all healthy and great alternatives to conserving natural resources. In fact these energy sources are clean and healthy for environment. Moreover, these energy sources do not emit or produced harmful gases or toxin into our environment like that of the burning fossil fuels at the same time they are renewable as well as are not easy to deplete. Today, most of the people are finding many ways for conserving natural resources. One of the great option before is Hydro-power and solar power. Power can be generated from these sources and these are the best ways for natural resources conservation like fossil fuels. There is also way to conserve natural resource like trees. It can be conserve through recycling process. Many products come from the trees like papers, cups, cardboards and envelopes. By recycling these products you can reduce the number of trees cut down a year. One should make the most use of these paper products without being wasteful and then recycle them. This is one great way for conserving natural resources. Fossil fuels on Earth will not last forever; we need to conserve these fossil fuels. To conserve fossil fuels one can choose to buy a hybrid car. Some of these cars will run on electricity combined with using small amounts of gas. Some hybrid cars just run on electricity. Either way it is a great way for conserving natural resources when it is concern with fossil fuels.

Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle Comparison

Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle Comparison Introduction Emotional sufferings are part of humans life. People are overwhelmed by them leading to desperation or even to the acting out of these emotions in a destructive way. Finding a way to cope with these emotions is important. This could be done by various means playing music, doing sports and especially by doing art. I choose the research question: How do Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art? because of two reasons. First of all, I researched artists who dealt with their emotions artistically. I became especially interested in Frida Kahlo an artist of Mexican origin as I am partly Mexican and thus can connect to her. Niki de Saint Phalle has been well-known to me as I have been in France for one year and heard about her famous shooting paintings. Secondly, I started to develop paintings resulting from emotional sufferings myself and became interested in the connection of emotions and their artistic expression. Once I went to a vernissage organized by the Malwerkstatt of the Asklepios Klinik in Gà ¶ttingen. There I saw some paintings done by mentally hurt women who paint regularly. In the following weeks I spent some time in the Malwerkstatt interviewing them about their process of doing art, related feelings and resulting paintings. I became interested in their way of seeing art as a transformation of negative feelings into a piece of art. Doing art has a positive impact on their well-being. However, they cannot fully transform their sufferings into an expressive piece of art. Frida Kahlo, Niki de Saint Phalle and the interviewed mentally hurt women realized the possibility of doing art as a constructive way to express their emotional sufferings. Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings to the last extent; going on stage not hiding any more but extricate themselves from expectations. The resulting creation can be seen as a mirror reflecting their inner-self which might be shocking and disapproving. The courage to create is one of the basic principles to start with. In order to cope with the sufferings fully the step these great artists did is essential. Freeing yourself not thinking about assessment anymore giving your sufferings an artistic voice will eventually be constructive and surely improve your emotional state. The focus will be on the analysis and interpretation of the selected artworks in relation to the emotional sufferings expressed through it. Additionally, the transformation into a piece of art will be pointed out. Frida Kahlo ´s expression through paintings, especially self-portraits; stand in contrast to the three-dimensional artwork and shooting paintings done by Niki de Saint Phalle. One painting done by a mentally hurt woman will be taken into account for the analysis. Taking into consideration these two artists I aim to show their different artistic expressions, the creation of innovative, unconventional and evocative art. Frida Kahlo Frida is the only example in the history of art of an artist who tore open her chest and heart to reveal the biological truth of her feelings. The only woman who has expressed in her works an art of the feelings, functions, and creative power of women said her husband Mexican muralist Diego Rivera. Frida Kahlo, an artist of Mexican-German origin, was born in Mexico in 1907.In her life she suffered from physical and emotional pain mainly due to a serious bus accident at the age of 18 that left her with lifelong incapacitating illnesses and a disintegrating body.The metal bar of the bus skewed her body causing her spinal column and pelvis to break. Because of the destroyed uterus Frida could not give birth leading to desperation and loneliness, expressed in her self-portrait Henry Ford Hospital. The physical pain she suffered from this incident marked a turning point in her perception of art. In bed-ridden she started to paint as an expression of her traumatic experiences. She recorded her emotional state in paint. During 1946 up to 1950 she underwent eight operations on her spin. Consequently, she confronted herself with thoughts about her own death visible in the painting The Dream. The impact of the spinal trauma on her continuous sufferings is shown in her self-portrait entit led The Broken column. The coping of her sufferings by painting was the way to improve her well-being or even to keep her alive. Frida Kahlo transformed her emotions into a piece of art which tells her feelings honestly and open. Especially in her lifetime she was one of the rare artists who were not afraid of expressing their emotions through art in such a heartbreaking and shocking way. Her style is dramatic and original. Frida mostly created self-portraits: I paint self-portraits because I am the person I know best. I paint my own reality.Some of Frida ´s self-portraits show her crying, broken up and even bleeding. Frida had the courage to show her body, nude and sick. Her emotions were transformed into a painting, as they were; she wore her heart on canvas. The Broken Column is a self-portrait of Frida Kahlo that shows her sufferings. It is like a X-ray picture from her broken spinal column. The ground color is a tone of yellow, brown and orange. In the foreground she is standing upright; paralyzed like a statue. Her nude body is shown from the hips upwards. Probably, she is not yet ready to expose herself completely nude as she covers the pubic area by holding a white blanket. However, it seems as if in one moment the blanket might fly away because she does not hold it strongly. The torso is split vertically into exactly two mirrored parts. Therefore, the middle part is symmetrical. Frida ´s spinal column is replaced with a broken column which as an ancient element refers back to her bus accident: the source of never ending pain.The spinal column makes it possible to stand upright and indicates self-confidence. It is of psychological and physical importance. Because of the broken column Frida should have lost stability. However, this is prevented by the steel corset. It is in form of a grid like prison bars which keeps the body together but at the same time imprisons her. Similar to the imprisonment by society values and the restricted freedom of movement.Although, being broken she keeps her attitude upright. The head is shifted to the right and supported by the column. By her visible right ear it seems as if she wants to hear something. Her facial expression is lifeless and sad. She is gazing and tears come out of the eyes that express her emotion of pain. The mouth is closed and the lips are slightly pressed together. The hair is loose which stands in contrast to the bounded body. Like in acupuncture the metallic nails of different sizes stick from all directions into her body, face and right side of the blanket.I know that in colloquial Spanish being nailed means estar calvada. In the figurative sense it stands for being cheated on. The nails go back to the relationship with her husband Diego Rivera and coul d refer to his infidelity.In the background a barren desert is shown which is broken up like her infertile body. The atmosphere conveyed by the desert reinforces her pain and loneliness. The horizon cuts the throat like the column divides the body. Frida is alone in the dry and rocky brownish landscape that stands in contrast to her wet tears. The painting has a great impact on me. While taking a look at it for the first time I was overwhelmed and my body was tense. I had the impression of sharing the physical pain. This is because of the openness and brutality done to her body. By this painting Frida shows two sides. Her inner-self; broken, bleeding and her appearance hiding the pain by her upright posture and lifeless face mask. To me Frida ´s strong personality is well shown. I admire her for the courage to depict the pain in such an impressive way as to expose her vulnerability. The painting The Dream shows Frida lying in a wooden bed which floats in the clouds. A yellow blanket covers her body and two pillows are under her head. She is comfortable and has fallen into a deep sleep like the Sleeping Beauty. Her facial expression is calm and without any preoccupations she seems to be lost in her dream. Roots are spreading from the bed end over the whole bed and reaching up to the face having small leaves. A wooden board is fixed on top of the bed. On there a white papier mache skeleton lies like Frida Kahlo. The skeleton holds a bunch of flowers and firecracker are all over his body and legs. This painting shows her willingness to confront with the hardest reality: the end of her human existence. Frida painted her own death as she underwent many serious operations leading to the confrontation of death each time.Frida expresses her death to the maximum by imagining herself as a skeleton.To some this might be extremely shocking to portray oneself already dead. Imagining your own death would be the last thing. To explain why Frida was able to paint her death one can look back to her Mexican origin. She was very much involved in Mexican traditions which includes the celebration of Dia de los Muertos. On this day the welcoming of the dead is celebrated in a colourful way. This shows the fearless attitude Mexicans have towards death. As I am of Mexican origin the connection to the Mexican culture is visible. Personally, I am not shocked because the skeleton does not look in a scary way. He rather seems to be smiling. Additionally, the luminescent and intense yellow coloured blanket makes me think of the power of light. Moreover, the blanket protects Frida ´s body from the thorny branches. However, it seems as if the peaceful tranquillity of the dream can easily be interrupted. Only a spark is necessary to ignite the firecrackers. The painting would turn from a static to a dynamic one. On the right bottom corner the formation of darker clouds might indicate a weather change. Another interpretation could be that the background is meant symbolically. Frida is in heaven where she has gained the freedom from emotional sufferings. The painting Henry Ford Hospital shows Frida lying naked and hemorrhaging up in bed. Her body is twisted with the legs bent and turned to the right side. She covers her pubic bone. The white blanket is partly covered with her blood. Her left hand is close to the thumb and she holds strings which are connected to different symbols. The red cords vein-like ribbonsare connected to six images that symbolize the source of pain and the impact they had on her fertility. The orchid symbolizes her femininity. As it is not integrated in her body the capability of giving birth is not given to her due to the accident. The snail represents the slowness of the miscarriage and is related to her sensation of passing time. In the left corner a machine can be seen which stand for the painful miscarriage due to the technical part of it. In contrast to the bed shown in The Dream this bed seems to be rudimentary and it stands on brown soil. The bed frame is inscribed: on the length side Henry Ford Hospital Detroit and on the narrow side Julio de 1932 F. K.In the background industrial facilities are shown. In combination with the blue greyish sky the depicted grief, desperation and loneliness is stressed.The depiction of these industrial facilities in Detroit could be connected to her bus accident as it was the modern technique being responsible for the accident to occur. This painting is related to the emotion of grief and loneliness after her first miscarriage in the Henry Ford Hospital. The longing to have an own child was obsessive. She was desperately waiting for the baby. Thus the miscarriage hit her very hard. The loss led to a serious depression. In this painting Frida depicts a powerful and coherent statement of inner and outer maternal fracture, loss, and agony. I think that the torture she had to face is clearly expressed trough this painting by her posture and blood. Frida writhes in pain. At first, I was confused why the bed is not in hospital but in a landscape without plants. Like in the Broken Column a brownish and dry landscape is shown on which no plants grow. I think that it stands for her incapability of giving birth. The bars of the bed can be related to the grid visible in the Broken Column. Frida is imprisoned in hospital where she cannot escape from pain. The symbols matched to Frida make me think of a mind-map.However, everything shown cannot be understood at first glance. The symbols can be seen as a puzzle Frida gives to the viewer. A story is to be discovered. Niki de Saint Phalle Niki de Saint Phalle was born in France, Neuilly-Sur-Seine, in 1930. She was a French mixed-media artist and sculptor. Brought up in a conservative family and educated in monastery school Niki was confronted with the strict values held by society. The domestic position of wives was one of the main values that Niki rejected. However, she married young and gave birth to children. When she realized that she led a conventional life an inner conflict arose. Moreover, she had a trauma due to her being abused by her father. An aggression against men developed. Consequently, she had a nervous breakdown and got a treatment in hospital.Like Frida Kahlo she started to express her emotional state right after a serious health problem. After she had left her family behind her main focus became art.Niki de Saint Phalle joined the artist group called Nouveau Realistes in 1960. In the following, Niki created the assemblage Portrait of my lover.In 1961 she created her first shooting paintings which ma de her well known around the world. They were an open door for the recognition of her art works on an international level. Niki de Saint Phalle Portrait of my lover, created in 1961 shows a target, black tie and white shirt attached to a black board. Instead of a man ´s head a target is placed at which the visitors could throw arrows. On the black painted canvas a tie and a men ´s shirt is glued on. The shirt is covered with black droplets. Niki admired Jackson Pollock and could have been influenced by his actions paintings.Therefore, she might have applied great force by throwing the paint on the shirt. The throwing of the arrows is representative for the step to independence. The special feature of this artwork lies in the changed meaning of well-known objects to symbolize a human. Pieces of art created out of ready for use objects are called Ready-Made.By this artwork she has was able to find A fertile outlet for her ferocious rage toward men -and the dominant masculine art establishment via the creative expression of violence. Niki de Saint Phalle ´s performed the creation of her shooting paintings in public. All over the world shooting actions took place. One of these actions is depicted in the above shown photograph. She shocked society by her performance.She shot at a relief with paint so that all the paint spilled out and the painting was bleeding. Her way of doing art by shooting was new as it went against the traditional. The aggressive acts were meant symbolically. By shooting she released herself from the standards, gained in a solid-middle class home and monastery school. The artist secreted plastic bags filled with paint behind paintings, and sculptures; the bags burst when the works were shot by a gun held by Niki.By the act of destruction Niki created a new painting. The dispersion of color plays a role in the spontaneous effect. It seems as if the painting is bleeding. By her shooting paintings she went on stage and showed to public that it is time for action. Not only to let her aggressions out she shot at the painting but as well to make the public aware of the brutal reality at that time.Wars and conflicts were the current issue. The shootings symbolize the power of killing. She acted in an aggressive way towards her pieces of art in the same way as society did with her and their opponents.The sacrificial death of the painting should be a warning to society. Analysis Frida Kahlo expressed her emotional sufferings comprehensibly through self-portraits. One can refer back to the sources of her pain. She portrayed herself as the victim of pain. The background supports the emotion. Niki de Saint Phalle expressed her emotional sufferings in a completely different way. Rather than painting she made use of the role oppressor-victim by performing art. She was not the one suffering from pain but a women standing up fighting back in spite of society values. Niki wanted to be in the role of the aggressor not of the suppressed one. By shooting at it she seems like a beautiful Amazon. This was new for that time to see a women holding a gun in their hands and not being the calm and carrying household woman. Niki violated the traditional role of women. Furthermore, she freed herself from this role she did not to fit in. Niki shot with self-confidence, fearlessness and strength at the painting showing her superiority. She killed the painting but at the same time gave birth to a new one. Death and rebirth are connected in a way that her expression became constructive instead of destructive. Trying to reach public by performing the shooting on a larger scale meaning on inter national shooting session shows the great step she did to make an appeal to others. Killing the painting was her way to get her aggression out.Finally, she reached to overcome and cope with her emotional sufferings by shooting and even more I became addicted to shooting like one becomes addicted to a drug. Blood appears in both of the artistic expressions either in painting as blood droplet out of a wound or as the painting being hurt and bleeding. I was impressed by their courage to go that far in art as to show their own nude and sick body or acting violently by shooting. It is incredible as to what extent they had success. While researching and taking a look at their biographies I realized that both had a male artist who helped them to express. They were usually people who were right in society having a certain influence as a famous painter: Diego Rivera and Jean Tinguely. By expressing art they went on stage not hiding their feelings anymore but choosing a direct confrontation with these. They do not want or can escape any longer. I became interested in the fact that if other people not being artists can cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art. To get an answer I went to the Malwerksatt in the Asklepios Klinikum in Gà ¶ttingen, Germany where mentally hurt women do art once per week for about two hours. I interviewed them about their feelings, experiences with art and took a look at their artworks. Eve Kaboth is in charge of the Malwerkstatt and provides assistance in case of help but does not assess them in any way. This is especially important as it guarantees a free working atmosphere. The women having experienced loss, betrayal and suppression are trying to do art as to improve their well-being. Negative emotions are released leaving them relieved and happy. As to their paintings they mostly do them subconsciously without having a clear idea in mind but which will develop during the process. I took a look at one painting showing clowns covered by coloured oil pastels smashed on the paper. Usually they are afraid of portraying humans. They represent some kind of colourful dream world. A composition of colours in which the forms, lines and objects do not play a significant role. While painting they are relaxed and enjoy it. This painting seems as if the woman is still hiding like the clowns shown in the picture. By this painting it is clear that she is not yet ready to go on stage. The impression I got is that they have not fully overcome the imprisonment by society and confronted themselves with their sufferings. Thus the step of showing everything openly, provocatively in order to fully cope with them is not yet reached. Niki de Saint Phalle and Frida Kahlo, in contrast to the mentally hurt women, reached the highest point they could possibly reach by their expression. Doing art was not restricted by society anymore. Art is an expressive source the artists Niki de Saint Phalle and Frida Kahlo realized. With their moving art they freed themselves but not only this. They went a step further by breaking society values. Frida Kahlo drew herself bleeding, open and naked. Especially at that time when artists were not supposed to express themselves in the painting as if they were the subject. Taking this into consideration one can see parallels to Niki as she was the first woman not being a victim but the aggressor. They realized that emotional sufferings can trigger creativity and be seen as a genesis source of new expressive art. But this is not at all easy to undergo. It requires courage and the refusal to run away from the inner self, unconscious and the unknown. Conclusion To answer the research question How do Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art? I came to the conclusion that both, Frida Kahlo and Niki de Saint Phalle cope with their emotional sufferings by doing art in a different way. Frida Kahlo documented her emotional sufferings by painting, especially self-portraits. The extension of her is Niki de Saint Phalle whose action was art. She created shooting paintings. Emotional sufferings can be beneficial and reinforce a development (out of a crisis new things are created). Without having these experiences and the related emotional sufferings this new expression of art would not have been created. Therefore emotional sufferings can be seen from positive point of view. Creativity, then, can in part be thought of as the capacity to express the demonic constructively. This is what all great artists do. Is there a limit to cope with emotional sufferings by doing art? When is it said not to be ethical? On the one hand the shooting paintings helped Niki to cope with her sufferings but on the other hand she shocked society by her performance. But sometimes it can be good to draw people ´s attention to an issue by shocking them. I think that as long as no humans, animals and ethical principles are hurt by the art process it is legitimate. Bibliography Primary Source: Interview with mentally hurt women and the leader of the workshop. August-October 2009. Asklepios Fachklinikum Gà ¶ttingen in Germany. Secondary Sources: Books: Bauer, Claudia. Frida Kahlo. Mà ¼nchen: Prestel Verlag, 2005. Becker, Monika. Starke Weiblichkeit entfesseln. Niki de Saint Phalle. Berlin: List Taschenbuchverlag, 2005. Diamond, Stephen A. Anger, Madness, and the Daimonic. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999. Herrera, Hayden. Frida Kahlo.Malerin der Schmerzen-Rebellin gegen das Unabà ¤nderliche. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1988. Prignitz-Poda, Helga. Frida Kahlo. Die Malerin und ihr Werk. Mà ¼nchen: Schirmer/Mosel Verlag, 2003. Schrà ¶der, Stefanie. Ein starkes verwundetes Herz Niki de Saint Phalle. Ein Kà ¼nstlerleben.Freiburg: Herde Verlag, 2002. Seemann, Annette von. Ich habe mich in eine Heilige verwandelt. Frida Kahlo.Mà ¼nchen: List Taschenbuch Verlag, 2002. Journals: Goldsmith, Marlene. Abjection and Psychic Deadness In The Paintings of Frida Kahlo. The Psychoanalytical Review Vol.92, No. 6, December 2004. 729-758p. Websites: Brown, Amy. Frida Kahlo an amazing woman. http://www.amybrown.net/women/frida.html Frida by Kahlo. http://www.fbuch.com/fridaby.htm Niki ´s official website. http://www.nikidesaintphalle.com Tate Liverpool Educators ´Pack. http://www.tate.org.uk