Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Gun Control - Research Paper Example This led to the enactment of firearms act that sought to regulate ownership through licensing and guidelines for assessing whether an individual was eligible to own a gun. Similar to other laws, the firearm act has seen multiple changes and politics over time (Zimring 1). Currently, both the national and state governments have provisions concerning gun ownership. However, there is a diverse opinion of states over the issue. Some states lack any form of regulation while others have stringent gun control laws Background Information The issue of stringent control of guns probably emerged in the United States after President J.F Kennedy’s assassination in 1963. The case gave rise to a heated debate that has caused political criticisms (Carter 34). However, a probe into the American history reveals that gun control has existed since the 1700s. Over the centuries, people have had divided opinions about the stringency of gun ownership control. Some states have allowed citizens to sel l and own guns while others have maintained strict control of ownership of guns. In 1938, the federal government declared its stand concerning firearm ownership. ... The law enlisted different categories of individuals that were not legible to owning firearms. People intending to own guns had to be competent and have clean records. In 1972, the emergence of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms changed the picture of firearm ownership regulation. This body sought to establish profiles of those seeking to own firearms (Carter 56). The body also strived to exert a form of control to combat the illegal use of firearms. Legal gun ownership involved acquiring of licenses from the body that only granted the license to people meeting all requirements. In 1986, the federal government enacted an increase of the penalties subject to those possessing firearms without proper licensing. The government also eased some previously stringent regulations in aid to protect the owners. However, the easing came with a ban of some bullets the public. In the years that followed, the government amended the laws depending on the prevailing rates (Zimring 1). In the 1990s, the regulation of firearm ownership took a different turn with the emergence of a need to introduce a lock mechanism in trigger. In addition, the government identified some zones that had to remain gun-free and these included schools. In 1994, the government introduced a ban on the manufacture and merchandise of potentially harmful assault firearms. Towards the close of the century, the suggestions concerning a mandatory lock mechanism in guns caused a heated debate, but did not pass in the senate. However, the government advised manufactures to provide the lock mechanisms as an alternate for interested owners. However, the lock system finally passed in 1999. Other regulations involve the age limit and storage requirements of the firearms in a bid

Diabetes WA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diabetes WA - Research Paper Example The support of the NDSS is also shown carefully in this paper. In this particular paper most of the information are taken from the diabetes WA website and from some relevant secondary sources like books, journals and online reviews. Introduction: The Diabetes WA is a noble organization which is been helping people since long time in Western Australia. However, to have a strong position within the market the proper and suitable funds are required and at the same time the awareness must be distributed accordingly to attract more people towards it. The advertising and the marketing communication tools play a vital role in this matter. The proper advertising strategy is a must to keep the sustainability intact within the market for a longer time. The target group, micro and macro environmental factors are very much important in this scenario. It is very important to understand that no matter how strong a company is, but if it doesn’t have the potential to reach the target customer s or the target group then all of its strength will be lost very soon. Industry background: Diabetes is one of the most dangerous diseases in the medical field. It can create many problems like feeling weak, Wight loss, etc. the type 2 1 diabetes can be very stressful, it can have major effects on the human health (Weiner et al; 2003, 197). Diabetes has become a most common disease in Australia. It is been predicted that the diabetes would affect more than one million people in Australia (Hastings 2007, 322). It has been seen that one hundred and fifty people are diagnosed with diabetes every day in Australia. There are basically two types of diabetes and they are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Among these, the type 2 diabetes is the fastest growing form of diabetes (Hastings 2007, 322). And this type of diabetes is mostly seen among the adults who are aged above forty. In the recent time almost 7 percent of the population in Australia had been detected with diabetes and it was predict ed that it would be almost 3.3 million Australians would carry diabetes within 2031 (Diabetes WA annual report 2010, 4). Within this industrial back ground a proper advertising strategy is very much important for the organization to attract the target group. The DAGMAR approach is important in this scenario and the innovative promotional activities are also very vital. From these figures it is very clear that the diabetes industry is growing very fast and it is taking a shape which is huge enough to rule the medical industry as well as the pharmaceutical industry. However, in this case the main mission of the Diabetes WA is not to create more diabetic patient it basically to help the people to prevent the diabetes. There are many micro and macro environmental factors are involved in this factor. The diabetes is a chronic disease and it can be fetal in some cases. However, the growth of the diabetes depends on many factors like living style, food habit, sugar intake etc. the macro an d micro environmental factors are very much involved in this case. And all these factors are closely related with the advertising strategies. The advertising campaign is basically to build the brand awareness about the NDSS and Diabetes WA. The growing industry and the growing number of diabetic people in the Western Australia have given a great potential to this particular advertising campa

Free

Free Will and Schopenhauer Essay Free will is considered as having the ability to choose a course of action solely based on one’s character. Immanuel Kant argues that humans have free will and act accordingly, while Arthur Shopenhauer suggests that humans are delusional and desire to have free will, yet they are lead by laws of nature and motives only. Perceiving ourselves as acting with free will is just to satisfy the metaphysical requirement on being responsible for ones action. Free will is a phenomenon that does not exist; what is perceived to be free will is causes that we act upon and motives that drive us to do so. Every single action needs a cause to act upon. .Kant connects free will with morality and implies that morality lies within reason. He does not really explain free will but only refutes objections against it by stating that we are free by knowing we have duties. His argument suggests that even though we have morals we can always act immorally, by having the ability to act otherwise we have free will. Shopenhauer’s water example proves otherwise. â€Å"This is exactly as if water spoke to itself: â€Å"I can make high waves (yes in the sea during a storm), I can rush down hill (yes! in the river bed), I can plunge down foaming and gushing (yes! In the waterfall), I can rise freely as a stream of water in the air (yes! In the fountain) I can, finally, boil away and disappear (yes! At a certain temperature); but I am voluntarily remaining quiet and clear in the reflecting pond. † This example is deterministic and proves that in order for the water to do all those things, it needs a cause to act upon. Just as a man must have a cause that pushes him forward in order to act accordingly. The man needs a motive that will act as a cause. The causal determinism proposes that all future events are necessitated by past and present events combined by laws of nature. It is not a man’s free will that makes him act morally, but rather, it is the motives that make him act in any particular way. Kant would argue that acting morally has absolute worth because by acting morally, we engage in a higher order of existence. Schopenhauer gives the example of a man who gets out from work and evaluates his options which he thinks he can freely choose from. That man decides to go home to his wife. He thinks he made this choice freely but actually it is because the motive of going home was greater than the other options. If Schopenhauer was to challenge him to say ‘that was expected of you being the boring man that you are’, and he went to the theater with him instead, this would still not mean he has free will. It only means that his motives have changed because there is a different cause. Schopenhauer’s comment causes him to act defying manner. If this man had a more passive character, he might have still gone home to his wife. Causes would have affected him in different ways and he would have had different motives. Being responsible of our actions is demanded from us by the society; when we act accordingly it is because the society’s expectations cause us to act responsibly. Kant argues that as rational beings, we should consciously and freely choose the responsible thing to do because it is the laws we choose to obey that make us free. Schopenhauer would argue that the only reason we obey rules and act responsibly is because our motives drive us to that direction. If our motives were to conflict with the rules, we would stop being responsible. If men actually had free will that leads them to act responsibly, we would not be able to explain murder, theft or any illegal action that harms the society. When the murderer, the thief or the criminal perform their actions, it is because their motives are conflicting with the rules society set. Humans are subject to law of nature, without a cause, there is no effect; therefore we have no free will. According to Kant, one should act as if the maxim of one’s action were to become, a universal law of nature through one’s will. By stating that, Kant is actually making the law of nature subject to human free will, putting the effect before the cause. Schopenhauer presents an argument which explains why man are subject to law of nature: â€Å"For man, like all objects of experience, is a phenomenon in time and space, and since the law of causality holds for all such a priori and consequently without exception, he too must be a subject to it. † This suggests that we are experiencing the same causalities as every other being does, yet we are blind to see what is obvious. There are too many causes that affect men, which is why we get delusional while recognizing the causes. Both Kant and Schopenhauer use the billiard balls example to illustrate the relation between cause and effect. Kant states that we are not like billiard balls because we have the ability to make our own choices as rational beings. Whereas Schopenhauer suggests that we are like the more complex version of the billiard balls: we will only move if we are hit. We differ from billiard balls not because we have reason, but because we are so constantly hit that we stop perceiving the causes. Every single component in life cause our motives to shape in certain ways which is why it is so hard to recognize the causes we act upon. All our actions can be reduced to motives we have in order to satisfy our ultimate purpose: to live and to create life. Eventually we are ranned by simple motives such as maintaining our successive continuity of existence, reproduction or protection. Even a man who is about to commit suicide will pull his hand away if he accidentally touches a hot iron. His reflex will send faster signals to his brain before he can even acknowledge it. He would have no free will over that action; it would purely be him obeying the law of nature without even thinking about it. As subjects to law of nature, the decisions we make in our daily lives are mostly caused by the motives to find the best mate possible to create the best off spring. We do not necessarily recognize it, but even the most trivial choices we make, like the desire to drive a fancy car over a cheaper one, is not an act of free will. By doing so, just like a peacock showing his feathers, we are unconsciously lead by motives that push us into a certain direction which will make us more desirable as a mate. We want to be accepted by the society for the same reasons, being a part of a community provides a protection and opportunity to reproduce. The reason why a rich man would help the poor, or join a country club is not because he has free will that makes him morally responsible, or that he enjoys playing golf, but it is because that will make him more respected and better accepted by the society which he wants to belong. Our reflexes, hormones, neurons, our DNA and the causes that act on us condition the decisions we make. We choose to believe that we have free will because it makes us feel as if we have control on our life. As the biologist Lynn Margulis defines â€Å"Life is the strange fruit of individuals evolved by symbiosis. Swimming, conjugating, bargaining and dominating, bacteria living in intimate associations during the Proterozoic gave rise to myriad chimeras, mixed beings, of which we represent a tiny fraction of an expanding progeny. Through corporeal mergers disparate beings invented meiotic sex, programmed death, and complex multicellularity. Life is an extension of being into the next generation, the next species. † Nothing makes us any different than the bacteria, other than being more complex, that solely acted on their instincts. The only difference is the equation that determines our actions have many variables, whereas it was much fewer in prokaryotes. If we are able to understand that the simplest forms of life were acting upon the basic motives and no free will, we should be able to perceive that our actions are not different. The chemical distribution of our DNA will cause us to have an essence, which will determine our motives and actions under different circumstances. As the being gets more complex, the cause and effect relation will be harder to observe but still, there will not be free will.

Shakespeare Who killed Duncan

Shakespeare Who killed Duncan Macbeth is now Thane of Glamis has he emerges from a bloody battle as a brave and fearless warrior. He is admired by many people as a great man. However, this proves not to be the case. Macbeth is one of Shakespeares bloodiest tragedies. This play is a about control, aspiration, greed and eventually murder. These been the traits of Macbeth himself who ultimately wore the blood of king Duncan on his hands that fateful night, however there were many contributory factors that was to influence his final decision. The play Macbeth is set in damp and dreary Scotland, where King Duncan is the ultimate ruler. At the start of the play the Celts are in battle with the Norwegians. We are first introduced to Macbeth as a military hero at his highest peak as he along with Banquo is riding across the weather torn heath. Stumbling upon three witches Macbeth is told a prophecy in which he will eventually become Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland. Macbeth welcomes the idea of greatness and it is this which triggers the spiral of events in the story. However, the witches are simply responsible for the mere introduction of these ideas, merely, subconsciously implanting the thought that Macbeth maybe able to control his own destiny by saying All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor and All hail Macbeth that shalt be king there after as a worship to Macbeth the witches plant a seed which continues to grow, eventually Causing Duncans death and eventually Macbeths own destruction. In the Elizabethan era witches were generally accepted as real. This period was very superstitious, fearing the power of witches the most. This stemmed from the supposed satanic beliefs of witches and their partnership with the Devil. Believing in the power of the super natural and religion, an Elizabethan audience would have believed the witches prophecies were going to become reality. This would in turn make them follow the gripping plot for the overall outcome of the play. We are then introduced to the character of Lady Macbeth in act one scene five. When she is reading a letter from Macbeth, Lady Macbeths instant response to this, is the thought of killing King Duncan. Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits into thine ear this shows she is anxious for Macbeth to return so she can talk to him about the murder. However, she is worried that Macbeths heart is too full o th milk of human kindness. She is aware that her spouse is not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it. At this instant lady Macbeth is relishing the thought of eventually becoming Queen, with the prowess and greatness that this would bring. Though, she is clearly concerned that the nature of Macbeth is too kind. Nevertheless with her awareness of this weakness with the addition of her powers of persuasion, her wavered confidence in Macbeth is soon reinstated. She knows that her manipulation will soon bring success. Lady Macbeths determination to be queen is quite e vident as makes reference to the raven who himself is hoarse and croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan. It is here that the audience would realise she is planning murder King Duncan, she calls upon evil spirits to â€Å"unsex me here† abandoning all of her femininity, her â€Å"direst cruelty† is obvious when opposing her nature asking for it to â€Å"take my milk for gall.† Lady Macbeth appears to be brutal and vicious and thinks nothing of killing King Duncan, having no sense of what is right and wrong. Lady Macbeth believes that it is entirely moral to commit the act of murder, stating Wouldst thou have that which thou esteemst the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem, she impresses upon Macbeth that to not go through with the deed would be horrible to himself, and that he would be a coward in is own eyes. Here we see her manipulative techniques, by making Macbeth look weak, by questioning his manhood she hopes that Macbeth will respond by doing the opposite in order to maintain his strength in her eyes, and psychologically, in his own. In doing this her success is prevalent as Macbeth carries out her ruthless plan, regardless of his own conscience. After the murderous event, she, unlike Macbeth, is very calm and unmoved she asked Macbeth to return to the murder scene. However, his response ill go no more caused her to act alone. Lady Macbeth takes everything in her stride, raising well above any fear or doubt, and coldly states give me the daggers: the sleeping and the dead are but as pictures: ‘tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil she then visits the murder scene returning the dagger to the Kings room and cleverly smears the grooms with blood of Duncan. This shows her strength and composure with no element of weakness. On Lady Macbeths return from the murder scene Macbeth is anxious and edgy. This is shown by Macbeths reaction to the knocking Whence is that knocking. How isnt with me, when every noise appals me? On reflection of the killing of King Duncan Macbeth hallucinates and goes temporarily insane Methought I heard a voice cry ‘Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep, the innocent sleep, sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care, the death of each days life, sore labours bath balm of hurt minds, great Natures second course, chief nourisher in life feast. This shows the importance of sleep, and Macbeths extreme lack of it leading up too and subsequent to the murder of King Duncan. Unlike Macbeth, Lady Macbeth maintains her composure the day after the murder. However she is concerned that Macbeths weakness will soon prevail. We witness her anxiety when she urges her husband to be light hearted and merry. Lady Macbeths direct thoughts may make her appear utterly cold and ruthless, but is this really so? Lady Macbeth clearly takes steps in order to clear her conscience of the evil spirits to stop up th access and passage to remorse in order to be relentless. I believe this was in order for her conscience to allow her to act in such an unremorseful way. The phenomenal strength of Lady Macbeth is invigorated for the occasion and her heartless abilities are proved through her particular attention to detail regarding the murder. But still, her moral conscience triumphed as lady Macbeth eventually revealed this when she comments Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet In conclusion after carefully considering the mitigating factors leading up to the tragic event Lady Macbeth played a large part in the precipitated murder of King Duncan. However, Ultimately It was Macbeth who was responsible for his death after sercoming to her manipulation by committing the eventual act. Unfortunately Macbeths downfall was caused by his greed after allowing his ambition to control his destiny. I strongly believe the witches can not be blamed for Macbeths murderous behaviour themselves. The witches simply anticipated rather than initiated Macbeths actions. I am of the belief that with the influence of lady Macbeth in addition to his clear personal ambition Macbeth would have, in time, still murdered King Duncan. Macbeth was himself a callus individual who wouldnt let anyone or anything stand his way. It is in the end, each individuals decision to fall for the temptation, or to be strong enough to resist their captivation.

My Writing :: Education Writers Teaching Essays

My Writing might get; then again, maybe you won't. I guess it depends on the situation. There is a "me" behind everything I write. That I know because if I didn't exist, neither would my writing. But I've come to the conclusion that there is more than one possible "me" used in my writing instead of "me" falsely portrayed as something I'm not. Each "me" is distinct and appears in its proper writing situation. The first paper we wrote for this class is an excellent example of me hiding behind, but not deserting, my writing. My paper on the metaphor for a university falls loosely under the category of "The Official Style" because it contains a plethora of passive "be" verbs, prepositional phrases, and gender-neutral nouns, such as student, instructor, and everyone's favorite: one  ­ to avoid using that whole he/she thing. Reading over it this weekend, I decided that I still agree with my metaphor although I have a different perspective as to where I place myself in my vision of a university. I'm glad that I didn't actively place myself in the paper because ten weeks later, I'm looking at that metaphor differently. As I thought about my metaphor, I realized my perspective as a student changes depending on what part of the quarter or year it is. At the beginning of each quarter, and especially each year, I try and convince myself that I want to place my studies first, but by the end of a quarter, and especially the year, when I'm waylaid by many assignments, I'm sick and tired of school to the extent that all I want is to finish up whatever I'm working on and be done with it. This is very unfortunate when you consider that the work at the end of the quarter is usually worth more than earlier assignments. When I wrote our first paper, I honestly believed that I fell in the middle between my idea of "good" and "bad" students, but I sway back and forth between each side every quarter so I think I'm neither  ­ and not in the middle either. My writing style changes the same way my perspective as a student changes. It changes to fit the situation. I've come to the conclusion that I'm not as intelligent as I try to portray myself. Don't get me wrong; I'm not implying I'm stupid, but I do feel the need to "dress up" my writing for classes and make it read more scholarly so that I seem smarter than I really am.

Urban Legend about College Students Essay -- Urban Legends

Aren’t You Glad You Didn’t Turn On the Lights? College campuses have been known to be popular breeding grounds for rumors. Ask any college student walking around a typical campus for the latest gossip, and they may flood you with more stories, quips, and anecdotes than you may have ever asked for. Some of these stories lead to codes and rules for living safely on campus, as urban legends about campus-related murders and crimes begin to circulate more frequently. In addition, these stories may deal with some supernatural elements. With the increased security alerts nationwide, caution is exercised in all circumstances and a bit of the anxiety and security alerts have spread to American colleges as well. One of these urban legends deals with what happened to â€Å"two girls at some college.† A college student from University of Maryland, Baltimore County recites his tale about the murder of a young girl at an unnamed college. The storyteller is twenty, and currently lives in Rockville, Maryland. A Chinese-American student, he is majoring in the mechanical engineering field and â€Å"considers [himself] to be a normal guy.† Both his parents work in the restaurant industry. He told me the following story in a face-to-face interview: I heard this from my friend about two girls at some college. I think they were like freshmen or something. But they lived together, I think in a dorm room together and one of them left the room, and the other one was sleeping. The girl who left, had left their door unlocked, and the lights off, and when she came back from the party she went straight to sleep in the dark. (Thinks to himself.) When she woke up, her friend was murdered and there was blood everywhere. I think later on they said t... ... female victims in mind to raise safety awareness among female students living on college campuses. Women are primary victims of crimes more strongly influenced by the gender factor; they have been known to be easily overpowered by men (assuming the attacker is male!). A male victim may be able to fight back his attacker, but for a female it seems that their best line of defense is simply locking the door. Works Cited â€Å"Aren’t You Glad You Didn’t Turn On the Light?† Urban Legends & Superstitions. http://urbanlegendsonline.com/lightsoff.html Dazey, Josh. â€Å"Campus puts students at undue risk: while restricting â€Å"basic natural rights†. Ifeminists. Feb 12, 2002. http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2002/0212b.html Emery, David. â€Å"Halloween Campus Massacre ’98.† About. Oct 28, 1998. http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa102898.htm

Volcanoes: Volcano and Lava Acidic Lava

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface. The lifespan of a volcano can be about from a few months to a million years. A very popular way of classifying the volcanoes based on the frequency of their eruptions. Magma is molten rock within the earth’s crust. When magma erupts through the earth’s surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rocks also come from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcanoes), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions – this type of rock can float on water). The largest volcano on the earth is Mauna Loa located in Hawaii. This volcano is about 10,000m from the sea floor to the summit. It rises 4000m above sea level. The most active volcano is Mount St. Helens located in Washington state. TYPES OF VOLCANOES 1. Active volcanoes . Dormant volcanoes 3. Extinct volcanoes ACTIVE VOLCANOES Volcanoes which erupt frequently are called active volcanoes. Active volcanoes are those which erupted lava, gases, pumice, cinder etc in the recent historic periods. Presently there are about 500 active volcanoes around the earth of which most of them are located in the pacific ring of fire. E: g Mauna Loa which erupted recently in Hawaii in the year 1984. Augustine volcano which is located in Alaska and erupted in the year 1991. Mount St. Helens in Washington which erupted from 1980-1986 and again in the year 2004. PACIFIC RING OF FIRE WHERE MAJORITY OF THE EARTH’S VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED. DORMANT VOLCANOES It is normally difficult to distinguish dormant and extinct volcanoes from each other. Dormant volcanoes are those which erupted in the past and are likely to erupt again after remaining inactive for fairly long periods. These volcanoes are also called sleeping volcanoes which may become active once again. Volcanoes are becoming dormant because the earth’s plates are continuously shifting above volcanic hotspots. Each time the hotspot reaches the surface, it creates a new volcano. The tectonic plate continues to shift above the hotspot, and eventually the volcano is shut off from the magma chamber beneath. And so the magma finds a new source to the surface, creating a new active volcano. The older volcano stops erupting and becomes dormant. E: g Mount Rainer in Washington, Mount Fujiyama on Honshu, in Japan and Mount Etna in Greece. Mount Fujiyama, Japan EXTINCT VOLCANOES Extinct volcanoes are ones which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again, because the volcano has no lava supply. Extinct volcanoes are those which were active in the remote geological periods. It’s very hard to differentiate between extinct and dormant volcanoes. For example Mount Vesuvius hadn’t erupted in a very long that the Romans of the 79 A. D. had no warning of its eruption, and no defense against its destruction of the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. E:g Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Warning in Australia, Elburus in Russia. Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania TYPES OF ERUPTIONS 1. CONICAL VOLCANO 2. SHIELD VOLCANO Conical Volcanoes The most common type of eruption takes at a point on the earth’s surface. Magma and other materials get erupted through a narrow conduit or pipe and get accumulated around the point of eruption. Such accumulation of erupted materials leads to formation of a conical hill. Shield Volcanoes A second type of eruption takes place along a narrow fissure in the crust. Large quantities of magma are erupted and these spread over a large area. The magma gets solidified as thick sheets of lava to form extensive lava plateau e. g. Deccan plateau, Idaho Plateau in the USA. LAVA Lava is the word for magma (melted rock) which comes out of the volcano onto the earth’s surface. When lava comes out, it cools and forms rocks. On the basis of composition of lava it is divided into two basic types of lava. Lava is exactly the same thing as magma, except magma is found inside the volcano. The form of the cone depends on the type of lava which comes out of that particular volcano. TYPES OF LAVA 1. Acidic lava 2. Basic lava ACIDIC LAVA – Acidic lava comes from the composite cones, it is slow moving and viscous. The acid lava cone has a narrow base, but it is high with conical shape. Acidic lava is rich in Silica but poor is iron and magnesium. It has a low density but, high melting point. When the volcano erupts with a heavy explosion, this type of lava forms high, steep-sided cones and solidifies in the vent, which in turn creates a plug through which it may erupt again. An example of an acid lava dome is Mount Lassen in California. Mount Lassen, California BASIC LAVA – It is the hottest lava at about 1000 degrees Celsius and is highly fluid. It is normally dark in color like basalt it is rich in iron and magnesium but poor is silica. It is not very explosive and flows quietly at about a speed of 10 – 20 km/hr. When the lava is basic in composition it flows down the slope of land and gets solidified away from the vent. In such cases, the volcanic cone obtains a broad summit with gentle slopes around it, these are called lava shields because the shape of the volcano looks like a shield lying on the ground. OTHER FEATURES OF VOLCANOES CRATERS – Craters are formed when a volcano erupts explosively, a portion of the summit gets blown off to form a depression called a crater, crater lakes are also results of volcanic activities. Crater Lake, Kutmai national Park CALDERA – In some volcanoes, the summit of the volcano blows up during a violent explosion resulting in the formation of a large depression called a Caldera. Some calderas are occupied by large lakes. In the state of Oregon, United States, there is a large caldera which has a diameter of 9km. Calderas are normally considered to be large than a crater. INTRUSIVE VOLCANIC FORMS Intrusive igneous landforms result from the cooling and crystallization of magmas beneath the surface, followed by erosion of overlying rock so that the intrusive landform is exposed at Earth's surface. The study of intrusive landforms is important in that rocks contained within them provide important information about internal earth igneous processes which cannot be directly observed. . Batholiths – Typically, are composed of multiple smaller intrusive bodies containing a variety of igneous rock types. They are gigantic intrusions of coarse grained igneous mass formed when a huge reservoir of magma cools and solidifies in an irregular shape. They form the core of old mountains. They are dome-shaped with no definite base. Smaller versions of batholiths are als o called stocks or bosses. 2. Stocks – It is an irregular igneous intrusion of magma, usually an offshoot of a batholith. 3. Sills – These are intrusions of magma/lava of horizontal shape which get solidified between layers of horizontal sedimentary rock. They form terraces or benches on hill-slopes. 4. Laccoliths – similar to a sill but magma collects as a lens shaped mass that arches the overlying layers upward. Magma viscosity is slightly higher than that for a sill. 5. Dykes – It is a sheet like intrusive body. They are normally vertical in shape. They are usually narrow but may extend several kilometers in length. Dykes are more resistant, because of their igneous origin.