Essay on “Arnolfini Wedding Portrait” by Jan van Eyck

Essay on â€Å"Arnolfini Wedding Portrait† by Jan van Eyck Arnolfini Portrait was painted by Jan van Eyck in 1434 and it is oil on oak panel. This painting represents two people, a husband and a wife who are making an arrangement. The nature of this arrangement is discussed in articles and different authors think differently of this painting. There is a mutual consensus that this painting serves as a form of evidence about the relationship between the husband and the wife. The two articles are: In the Name of God and Profit: Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait† by Margaret D. Carroll and Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait: Business as Usual? by Linda Seidel. In the Name of God and Profit: Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait† was written by Margaret D. Carroll and it is the article which deals with the meaning of the painting. There is a depiction of what merchants were like in Italy in the 15th century and the true meaning of the Arnolfini Portrait is sought after. Arnolfini is a merchant and it is a person who needs money. He accumulates wealth, but according to the church and to the moral conduct of the time, there was the right way of earning money. A just merchant is the one who is pleasing God and just to men. This belongs to a medieval culture and a merchant of that time had to obey the rules. It is widely known that: â€Å"Arnolfini earned his fortune through international trade, finance, and money lending to the French and Burgundian courts. He owned a house in Bruges near one owned by his wifes relatives, the Cenami, another family of wealthy merchants originally from Lucca† (Carroll 97). His wife’s family was f rom France, but settled in Italy and her family was more prosperous than his. He married above his social status because he needed money for trade. Arnolfini was involved in financial ventures starting from 1421 and he dealt with textile. There is a record that he lent money to the duke of Burgundy in 1425 and he also became a supplier for Philip the Good. Arnolfini became an established figure in Burgundy and France and their court circles. He became a financier, a merchant and a courtier and he worked on his own. This painting suggests that his wife, Giovanna managed his affairs while he was absent because of business. This was common in the medieval Italy and the wife needed to have consent from her husband. Giovanna was able to manage Arnolfini’s business so that nobody else would be involved in it. Once that he dies, she was the executor of his wealth. This painting is supposed to represent a legal authorization which Arnolfini gave her to conduct his business. There are the elements of contract in the painting, there is good faith and mutual consent. There are also witnesses, visible in the mirror and the painter’s signature serves as a legal element also. In this painting the couple is already married and this is just an agreement that the wife is authorized to work on behalf of her husband. The painting is set in the bedroom because at the time, there was no distinction between public and private space in one’s home: â€Å"a businesslike transaction is shown taking place in a bedroom, one may answer that late medieval houses did not rigorously separate spaces for domestic and mercantile activity. In general, storerooms and offices were not clearly distinguished from living spaces† (Carroll 102). Arnolfini’s footwear is for outside, while Giovanna’s is for the inside which shows the roles a husband and wife have in this marriage. Her activity is related to their home, while his is related to the outside world. H er position is by the bed, which indicates her role at home, while his is by the window. The painting served as an evidence of a contract between Arnolfini and his wife. This is the affirmation of Giovanna’s involvement in her husband’s business affairs. A wife was not able to be involved in any kind of a legal transaction without a legal consent of her husband which is why this painting is so important as it does not represent marriage according to Carroll. The Arnolfini family are a merchant couple and this is what this portrait represents. There are other elements in this painting, such as religious ones: â€Å"Of crucial importance in the late Middle Ages was a merchants reputation for Christian piety-attested in this painting by the historiated mirror frame with scenes of the passion and the amber prayer beads on the wall next to it† (Carroll 105). Good faith is also one of the main themes in the painting and it can be seen in the right hand which Arnolfini raised. He also joined hands with Giovanna and there is a small dog between them, a sign of fidelity. Good faith was extremely important in those times and one’s reputation was at stake because of it. Legal matters could not be settled in court and that is why it was best to do business with merchants who were known for good faith. It was not honorable to accumulate wealth for oneself, but for the family and the country. Giovanna also seems to be pregnant in the painting which suggests the fruitfulness of the married couple. There is also the bed in the painting which is the ultimate indicator of good faith and a good relationship between the husband and wife. The family is ethical, pious and wealthy and that is exactly what this painting serves to show. Moreover, â€Å"van Eycks nuptial imagery speaks to the late medieval corporative ethos of partnership, good faith in contracts, and the sharing of both profits and risks† (Carroll 114). The husband and wife are in a legally binding contract which is based on good faith coming from both sides. There is also no central figure in the portrait and the attention is divided between the husband and the wife. There can also be seen people in the mirror and there is the painter’s signature above. The people are witnesses to this contract. Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait: Business as Usual? is an article written by Linda Seidel and it suggests that there is a different meaning of the painting. „The painting represents an Italian cloth merchant, Giovanni Arnolfini, and his foreign-born wife, Giovanna Cenami, standing together and holding hands in a well-lit domestic interior where they are surrounded by personal belongingsâ€Å" (Seidel 57). There is also a dog in front of them and a mirror in the back. The painter also put the date and his signature in the painting. Seidel suggests that this is the painting which represents the actual marriage which served as the way for Arnolfini to get dowry and for Giovanna’s father to give her to her husband. There is no priest, but van Eyck was a landowner and capable of serving as the person who can guarantee for the marriage in the legal way. The bedroom serves as a nuptial room and there is also symmetry which suggests the equality of the married couple. Giovanna ’s family was very wealthy and they were also merchants, so it is a fact that Arnolfini was marrying into a wealthier family. The negotiations â€Å"between parents of future spouses would be kept secret until the pledged parties reached an appropriate age or the families accumulated a suitable dowry. The marriage ceremony proper began with a public meeting between male members of the familiesâ€Å" (Seidel 63). The father of the bride represented her and she took no part in this or in the decision making process. Afterwards, the groom would go and meet the bride during the day with the notary present and the groom would give a ring to his bride to be. The groom also brought gifts at this stage which can be seen in the Arnolfini Portrait. The marriage is complete once it is announced to the public. What can be seen in the painting is that: â€Å"it is Ring Day, around noon, and Giovanni has entered the house of Giovanna accompanied by family members. Their arrival is ascer tained by the alert dog and is attested to as well by the mirrors imagesâ€Å" (Seidel 66). It is the bride’s room since her shoes can be seen near the bench used for praying. This painting serves as the proof to the bride’s father that the groom has taken the dowry so that it can be given back to Giovanna once it is necessary. I chose Carroll’s article over Seidel’s because it makes more sense to me. It is also written in a better, more comprehensible way. While Seidel repeats her findings in the course of numerous pages, Carroll is very clear. Her organization makes her points seem reasonable and it is more persuasive than the portrait represents a legal agreement than the marriage itself. It is also possible that the marriage with the motive of a dowry takes place in the portrait, because of all the evidence, such as the bedroom, the clothes and the witnesses. However, the bride seems to be pregnant, so it seems more plausible that the marriage already took place. Reading these arguments changed my point of view about the painting because I never thought of the marriage as a business transaction. Both articles have plenty of evidence and it is upon personal preference to choose one as the explanatory for the Arnolfini Portrait. This painting serves as a piece of evidence that marriage was about business in medieval Italy.

The Problem Of Evil And The Field Of Social Work - 1905 Words

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Truman Capote Hard Times Make Good Stories - 1780 Words

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President Jimmy Carter and Big Government Spending Essay

Although Carter was a likable man, the role of president was not the job for him. His big government spending and policies were responsible for leading our fragile country into one of the worst economic recessions ever. However, this all changes in January of 1981 when President Ronald Reagan was sworn into office and came to our country’s rescue. Reagan stepped in ready to mend the deep scars left behind by setting forth an economic plan, Reaganomics, in hopes to bail out our sinking country. Though many may say Reagan’s conservative ways had this plan favoring the upper class, this was not the case. In 1981 President Carter handed his duty to Ronald Reagan in a vulnerable time for the country. America was in an economic recession where†¦show more content†¦Supply-side went off the idea that, â€Å"tax rates affect a person’s incentive to work, save, and invest. 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Housing Crisis Center ( Hcc ) - 847 Words

Assessment Housing Crisis Center (HCC) was established over 37 years of pioneering programs and services assisting homeless families and individuals in our community. HCC saw a need to opening the homeless shelter in Dallas, Texas, in 1978. Since that beginning, has added additional programs and services, always in response to needs in the community. The HCC has three target populations to help in the community. One target population is All Citizens Empowered (ACE). To qualify for assistance in the ACE housing program the head-of-households has to have a disabling, mental condition such as schizophrenia, and also have an addiction to substances. Individuals must also be continually homeless. Half of the population that the Housing Crisis†¦show more content†¦HCC constantly assesses its programs and services to see were growth is need for the future. HCC has been involved in joint efforts across Dallas striving to end and avoid homelessness. The HCC is in progress to have new approach es developed with the emphasis on prevention, and housing criteria. This outlined will guide the agency over the next three to five year period. The strategy plan will expands the effort toward homeless teen, short the time that an individuals or families need to be homeless before receiving some help, and have a rapid re-housing for family who become homeless without fault of their own doing. Planning and Development HCC Housing will developed and implement approaches to expands the effort toward homeless teen, short the time that an individuals or families need to be homeless before receiving some help and have a rapid re-housing for family who become homeless without fault of their own doing. HCC lack the availability housing for teens serves to be able to attain permanent housing. Offer programs need is more stable supportive housing for teens. Stable supportive housing that is a specific model of housing designed to serve teens with no family support. HCC will provide ongoing supportive services, such as case management, assistance with daily living skills, and help in accessing services in the community. HCC policy requires

Is The British Appeasement In 1930s Defensible History Essay Free Essays

The calming in 1930s is delivered by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, to construct up a permanent peace in Europe every bit good as to avoid the war against Nazi Germany. Chamberlain created calming policy based on three aims: â€Å" †¦ foremost, to debar the danger of war, 2nd, to make conditions in which dialogues can take topographic point and, 3rd, to convey about the success of those dialogues so that they many strengthen corporate security, farther Germany ‘s return to the League and, in a happier atmosphere, allow those larger dialogues on economic affairs and on affairs of statements to take topographic point † 1 However, the eruption of war that followed, proved that the policy has clearly failed and it is besides still argued as the one of chief grounds to break out World War II. This essay will discourse about the cause of the debut of calming and why it is untenable in international dealingss. We will write a custom essay sample on Is The British Appeasement In 1930s Defensible History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now After World War I, the Great Depression that followed forced totalitarian governments to emerge around Europe, such as Fascism in Italy, Socialism in Soviet Union and Nazism in Germany. In Germany, it was Hitler who followed a totalitarian province and pursued a revisionist foreign policy after he became a Chancellor of the Exchequer in January 1933. While UK and France were seeking to avoid a war and heal from the great depression caused by World War I, Hitler strongly believed that another war was needed to break-out from poorness every bit good as ‘Versailles ‘ . Hitler hence started to denounce ‘Versailles ‘ from March 1935 by re-introducing mandatory muster. However, UK and France have merely issued formal protests in response, which concluded with weakening of ‘Versailles System ‘ in favor of Germany, due to the fright of war. While the procedure of calming was detaining any clear reply, Italy has invaded Abyssinia. This provided Hitler with clip and chance to beef up and remilitarize Rhineland while UK and France dealt with Italy. France was entitled to reoccupy Rhineland, but France did non desire to move unless UK acted. UK did non desire to step in as they thought remilitarization was non a ‘flagrant ‘ misdemeanor. Neither UK nor France wanted to take serious duty that had any opportunity of get downing another war. Munich, 29th September 1938 was the flood tide of this failure of calming. Hitler demanded return of Sudeten. UK sought to intercede, and the parts of Sudeten with German bulk transferred to the custodies of Germany. In late September Hitler raised his bets, demanding immediate transportation of whole Sudeten to Germany. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Italian In March 1939. Furthermore, Hitler invaded Czech states of Bohemia and Moravia. Neither France nor UK confronted Hitler 1 Anthony Eden in the House of Commons, March 26 1936. The ground UK supported calming is that the populace was non ready for war and UK was still retrieving from the 1929 crisis. Besides, France was unwilling to confront Hitler without UK ‘s support. They merely wanted to get away from war and understate their duty as they sought strong support of another state. This development of calming shows the unorganized allied European states which ne’er meet with clear understanding to compact the menace German forces possessed, and the confusion that was brought with the construct of calming gave opportunity for Germany to turn without any lucifer for to a great extent armed European allied forces e?†¦ie ie?ˆi ?ie e ©Ã‹â€ e ¦Ã‚ ¬ e-?i-?i ?iz?e ie µÃ‚ ­i?ˆ i?ˆ e?† iiâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ i†¢? i †¢i ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i?„ , e °?e?ˆe e?†¦ie e °Ã‹â€ ee? ii °?e?ˆi „ i µ?e?ˆi i†?i†¢?e µÃ‚ ­ii-?e i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤i e °Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ei ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i i„?e i-?e?†¹e‚?e ©?i„? ei ?i §Ã‹â€ e ·?i†¢? policye °Ã‹â€  continuee? ©e†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . Trying to chance of war or whether Britain and France would hold been better off traveling to war earlier instead than subsequently, loss could be less. The confusion and struggle bought clip for Germany. If the calming was scrapped and the western European states pressured the turning Germany so the face of European history may hold been changed because of the fact that Germany already lost the First World War was besides needed to be considered. i ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ° , ie µÃ‚ ­e i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤e °Ã‹â€  e‚?i e?†¦ii-? i? iâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ i †¢i ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i?„ iZ?e? e‚?i e?†¦ii i? ¤iS ¤iS?e ¦Ã‚ ¬i†¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾/ii?† i ?e ?i?„ e ¬Ã‚ µii†¢?iz? i† ?e ?i?ˆ ie iz?eii e µÃ‚ ­e °Ã‹â€ i ie µÃ‚ ­/i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤iâ„ ¢Ã‹â€  e‚?i e?†¦ie °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ e? µee e °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ii†¢?e? e‚?i e?†¦ii?„ e? ¬i ?i†¢?e? °ee†¹Ã‚ ¤ e‚?i e?†¦iei i „iY?i?„ i†?i†¢?e  ¤ eâ€Å" ­e†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . e ·?e ¦Ã‚ ¬e? , e‚?i e?†¦ii?ˆ ie µÃ‚ ­/i†Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ez‘iS ¤iâ„ ¢Ã‹â€  i† ?e ?e °Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ e? µi? °i-? ei e °Ã‹â€ iz? e?†¦ii i „i† Ã‚ µi ?i e µÃ‚ °i‚ ¬i ? i ·?i†¢?i„ ± , i ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ° i? i‚ ¬i†¹? e?â„ ¢i„? i-‘e ©? i „iY?i?„ ieY ¬i†¢? i†¢?eS† e  ¶Ã‹â€ e†¹?i?„ ee ee? iezˆeâ€Å"?e e µÃ‚ °i‚ ¬e ?ie ie? µi†¢?e ©?i„? 2i °? i„?e?„e?ˆi „i ei-?i §Ã¢â‚¬Ëœe†¹?e†¹Ã‚ ¤ . UK and France lost credibleness because UK and France did non maintain their committedness. They warned Hitler that if he attacked Poland, they would declare war on Germany. By this clip, nevertheless, Hitler no longer believed their menaces. If an adversary issues a menace that it has the power to transport out, and an involvement in making so, the menace will be believed, even if that state has bluffed in the past. But if it makes a menace that it lacks the power to transport out, or has no involvement in making so, the credibleness of that menace will be viewed with great incredulity. Chamberlain believed he could negociate enduring peace with Hitler. It was based on a naA?ve apprehension of Hitler ‘s purposes or on desirous believing about the possibility of set uping a permanent peace with Germany, nor was it an alternate to equilibrating. It was misdirecting policy based on underestimate, and misconstruing that Chamberlain trusted Hitler. The opinion was really emotionally based and this was a error as the remainder of European states readily figured out that Hitler was fixing military invasions over Poland. The calming was hence invalid and forced remainder of European allied forces to confront huge grown and good trained German Armies. calming have to be used under imaginable set of circumstances.Churchill, the ultimate anti-appeaser, presented a more nuanced image: â€Å" Appeasement in itself may be good or bad harmonizing to the fortunes. Winston Churchill ridiculed calming as akin to â€Å" one who feeds a crocodile, trusting it will eat him last † Particularly, Adolf Hitler revealed his desire publically to occupy Europe in his life, My Struggle The primary purpose of calming was to extinguish the danger of a European war, but accordingly it endanger Europe as it gave chance Germany, geographical and clip loose credibleness. The grants over German rearmament, the Rhineland, Austria, and Sudeten Czechoslovakia non merely failed to pacify Hitler, but made war even more likely by quickening his appetency for aggression and by sabotaging the credibleness of Britain and France and the public-service corporation of their subsequent warrant of Poland. Many critics of appeasement contend that a more confrontational scheme of rearmament and reconciliation might hold avoided war, either by discouraging Hitler or by exposing his foolhardiness and thereby triping his overthrow by the more cautious German military and its internal Alliess. How to cite Is The British Appeasement In 1930s Defensible History Essay, Essay examples

In Search Of Excellence Review Essay Example For Students

In Search Of Excellence: Review Essay businessIn Search of Excellence: reviewIn Search of Excellence is a book dealing with many differentprinciples of economics and what makes big business excellent. Thefirst idea that Peters discusses is his chart of the McKinsey 7-SFramework. The graph is very simple but the ideas are fairly complex. Intheir research, they found that their philosophies were too hard toexplain and easily forgettable. They made this Framework to deal withstrategy, structure, style, systems, staff (people), skills, and sharedvalues (culture). This has 7 Ss (easy to remember) and a graphicalrepresentation to visualize. This shows the businessman that theintractable, irrational, intuitive, and informal organization can bemanaged. For example, anyone assuming that a new manager of a Taco Bellwill perform exactly as the old manager did is ridiculous. Theorganization of workers must adjust and adapt to the new managers wayof business. Another more main topic of the novel is the Eight Basic Principles. Their research had shown that the excellent companies had been based onthe basics. The companies had to try to keep things simple. Sometimes,to a big business, it might seem logical that business should be runmore complex the larger it is. From their research, this is usually nottrue. The first pricnciple is a bias for action. This is basicallysaying Stop talking and do something about it. When Taco Bell has arush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, they(usually) dont say You know what, I have no more cheese or Couldsomeone get me some more cheese? They take action and get the cheese,make it if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle they deal with is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Taco Bell, is not in touch with what the customer wantsto eat, then the business will most likely fail. Although it also refersto customer satisfaction; quality food made right and curteous service:Have a nice day and enjoy your meal! The third principle is autonomy and entrepreneurship. This is theinnovation principle. 3M is known for innovation and they welcome thechanging and rearranging of old and new products. For example, my dadtook 3Ms basic arthroscopy pump and redesigned it into an in flow-outflow cannula. This innovation on his part temporarilly set 3M back onits feet in that product line. The fourth basic principle is productivity through people. This dealswith the indivdual as the best means for efficiency improvement ratherthan capital investment. If Taco Bell could put everyone in the area ofwork they most enjoyed (drive-thru, washer,) then they could producemore food and maximize their utiles. The fifth basic principle is hands on, value driven. This is thestandard setting and enforcing values in a company. This is keeping thehead honcho in touch with the assembly line worker and projecting thecompanys original ideas, instead of an image of some suited businessmanlurking in a big, dark office. The sixth and often obvious principle is to stick to the knitting. Thebasically says that if a company is in the food business, it should notbranch off into the wood industry unless they have no where else toexpand in the industry they are already in. The seventh basic principle is a simple form, lean staff. This meansleaving few people up top to manage a company and keep th e form ofmanagement simple. The eighth and final basic principle is simultaneous loose-tightproperties. This is another value-based principle. This could bedescribed as the ability for a worker of Taco Bell to do his/her job inhis/her own way as they incorporate the companys values andphilosophies into their work. These values demonstrate that they dontjust work because they work, but rather because they just make sense. .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .postImageUrl , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:hover , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:visited , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:active { border:0!important; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:active , .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u683f8473344359a85ddb1e13d11788df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Build A Fire: Significance of Words Dying and Death EssayPeters does a great job of explaining and giving examples of these eightprinciples and shows us that we would be foolish to ignore theseprinciples. Also, we could learn a new skill from the 7 S-Framework,which is what growth is really about: the ability to learn and teach.