Pluralism As The Most Descriptive Theory Of American Government Essays

Pluralism As The Most Descriptive Theory Of American Government There are a few unique speculations concerning the subject of how America is administered. There are the individuals who despite everything uphold the civics book hypothesis, in which the individual is spoken to by his vote; the individuals who advocate different elitist hypotheses, guaranteeing that we as people have no voice, and are just pawns in some bigger game, and there are those other people who support what is known as the pluralist hypothesis. Pluralism recommends that strategy choices are not the consequence of an individual resident's vote (or a vote of a populace of residents) however rather the consequence of the collaboration and rivalry of different intrigue gatherings. This hypothesis, it very well may be contended, is the most graphic of America as we probably am aware it. There are a few models on which to attract request to help this hypothesis. In the April eighth issue of Time Magazine1, there seems an article named The New Party Managers and captioned Who truly controls governmental issues? Meet the power representatives who will help conclude the current year's challenge. This is a common case of pluralism being an enlightening hypothesis, and I could compose this paper dependent on it, yet as the task calls for references to the Wilcox book, that is the thing that I'll utilize.

Related Local Literature Essay Example for Free

Related Local Literature Essay This investigation manages the audit and examination of the writing and studies applicable to stock administration procedures that the specialists will use in the improvement. It comprises of data winnowed from studies and writing, both neighborhood and outside, from which this investigation is dependent upon. This section will surely help in giving the peruser a superior comprehension of what is Economic Order Quantity model and Dynamic Programming to advancement of the stock framework. Definition: Inventory Stock alludes to any sort of assets having monetary worth and is kept up to satisfy the present and future needs of theconsumers. It is a physical load of things that business or creation endeavor keeps close by for proficient running of undertakings or its creation. Stock is the amount of merchandise, crude materials or different assets that are inert at some random purpose of time. Stock control is the methods by which materials of the right amount and quality is made accessible as a when required with due respect to economy away and requesting expenses and working capital. It is additionally characterized as the efficient area, stockpiling and recording of products so that ideal level of administration can be made to the working shops at any rate extreme cost† (S.C sharma (1999). P. 509, 512). Stock model: Economic Order Quantityand Dynamic Programming For longer than a century, the writing enveloping several books and diaries has included successive works of the board researchers applying quantitative strategies to help stock chiefs settle on two basic choices: how much stock to arrange, and when to arrange it. Stock administration began as ahead of schedule as the start of the twentieth century when F. W. Harris initially built up the parcel size equation or the EOQ model in 1915. R. H. Wilson freely built up a similar recipe in 1918. Obviously, Wilson promoted the model so the EOQ model is likewise alluded to as the Wilson EOQ model. The EOQ equation has been freely found ordinarily over the most recent eighty years. It is oversimplified and utilizes a few ridiculous suppositions. In Cargal talked about the fundamental EOQ model; he said that they can't figure out what amount of a thing to arrange when requesting supplies. In spite of the a lot increasingly refined recipes and calculation accessible, some huge partnerships despite everything utilize the EOQ equation. When all is said in done, huge organizations that utilization the EOQ equation don't need people in general or contenders to realize they use something so unsophisticated. The factors, diagram, and the equation was additionally talked about in this paper. The great EOQ model has been straightforwardly utilized by and by however which, all the more critically, speaks to the key establishment of choice principles managing progressively muddled circumstances.Different varieties and utilizations of the EOQ model underway and stock tasks were extended throughout the years, for example, managing the amount limits, time span of usability contemplations, renewal lead time and limitations on the recharging. Further headways in stock administration occurred when dynamic writing computer programs was utilized, with R. Bellman as its establishing father. In any case, prior works in DP were delivered by Arrow, Karlin and Scarf. Bellman, who advanced DP, utilized the stochastic models for the stock administration issues. Be that as it may, in 1958, Wagner and Within began with a deterministic model, alluded to as the Wagner-Within technique, with known requests in every period, and fluctuating expenses starting with one period then onto the next. A couple of years after the fact, results for the stochastic model were set up by Iglehart and Wagner with Veinott, which includes an interest with a persistent appropriation. Stock models have been applied and adjusted by associations. Silver listed the broad research and application done throughout the years. In retail stock administration, retail outlets are progressively receiving gear that licenses catch of interest information and refreshing of stock records at the retail location. In incorporated coordinations, an extremely mind boggling framework, it uses activities stock administration where support, transportation and additionally creation are included. In cooperations with advertising, stock administration is applied on the most proficient method to routinely assess the impacts of special exercises on the control of inventories, how to foresee and represent the impacts of the framework on the interest design, and the allotment of the rack space in outlets, for example, markets. Stock on Inventory The American Institute of Accountants characterized the term stock as â€Å"the total of those things of unmistakable property which (1) are held available to be purchased in the common course of business, (2) are in procedure of creation for such deal or (3) are to be accessible for ‘sale’. In Nigeria, stock is normally alluded to as stock-in-exchange or work-in-progress. Stock may comprise of (I) Raw materials and supplies to be expended underway (ii) work-in-progress, or halfway made products, (ii) Finished stock or merchandise prepared available to be purchased. Stocks are esteemed in an in a general sense distinctive route from fixed resources; the last are normally esteemed at cost less gathered deterioration. No strategy for stock valuation is reasonable for a wide range of business in all conditions. Stock is esteemed at cost less any piece of cost, which should be discounted when net feasible worth or the substitution cost is lower than cost. The Functions of Inventory Inventories play out various indispensable capacities in the tasks of a framework, which thus makes them basic to the creation part also. Without inventories, associations couldn't want to accomplish smooth creation stream, get sensible usage of machines and sensible taking care of cost or hopes to give sensible help to clients. The fundamental capacity of inventories whether they are crude materials, work-in-progress or completed products are that of decoupling the activities engaged with changing over contributions to yields. This permits the progressive stages in the buying, assembling and dissemination procedure to work dependence on the calendar of yield, of earlier exercises in the creation procedure. Besides, the decoupling capacity permits both time and spatial partition among creation and utilization of items in the working framework. Finally, inventories can likewise be utilized for different purposes separated from the decoupling capacities. For instance, when inventories are shown, they fill in as special speculation. Crude materials and completed inventories are much of the time gathered to wedge against value rises, expansion and strikes. Inventories additionally serve to streamline abnormalities in flexibly. Basically, inventories act to decouple authoritative exercises, in this manner accomplishing lower expenses of activities. Inventories act to decrease acquirement expenses, and inventories act to give great client care and smooth creation stream by giving onetime conveyance and maintaining a strategic distance from exorbitant stock deficiencies. Inventories requested in enormous amounts can bring about lower cargo charges and value limits. Then again, stock requires tying up capital that would some way or another be contributed somewhere else. Stock additionally requires exorbitant extra room; and such expenses as protection, waste obsolesce, pilferage and charges must be caused because of looking after stock. Subsequently, there is a proper open door cost related with their worth. It is in this manner, the obligation of the administration to look for choice principles that will really adjust these contentions of expenses for a given framework. It is in light of this administration journey for direction in taking care of stock choice circumstances that various methods (models) have been created to fill in as help to the executives in accomplishing ideal stock arrangements. Stock Cost The targets of materials the executives are to limit stock speculations and to augment client care. It is an arrangement to see that, the objectives can be conflicting or even roundabout clashes the job of the materials the executives is along these lines to adjust the goal corresponding to the current conditions and natural restrictions. The fundamental object of stock administration is to augment client care through keeping up suitable measure of stock with least conceivable expense. Stock expenses are costs related with the activity of a stock framework. Therefore the pertinent costs included stock are the accompanying: The buy cost (P)The buy expenses of a thing are the unit buy it is acquired from an outside source or the unit creation costs it is delivered inside. For the buy things it is the buy costless changed for various amount levels fabricating things the unit cost incorporate direct work or organization overhead. Requesting or set up cost (C)This is the expense of submitting a request. This expense straightforwardly with the quantity of request or arrangements set and not under any condition gauge the size of the request. The requesting cost included creation investigating materials assessing materials follows up orders and doing the handling important to finish the exchange. Conveying expenses or holding costs (H)There are expenses of things (inventories) away. These expenses differ with the degree of stock and incidentally with the length of thing a thing is held. The more prominent the degree of stock additional time, the higher the mindful cost caring throws can be incorporated the expenses of losing the utilization of assets field up in stock like stockpiles gives such a role as lease of building warming cooling correcting security, record keeping, censure oldness, item disintegration and so on. Stock out cost (lack cost) This is the expense because of not having things away. This can bring loses of positive attitude benefit loss of cause raincheck cost and deferral in the client care. Building up the right amount to arrange from merchants or the size of parcels submitted to the organizations beneficial offices includes a searc

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Research Paper Example

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Research Paper Example As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Paper As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Paper Exposition Topic: As I Lay Dying â€Å"But now I can get them teeth. That will be a solace. It will.† â€Anse (As I Lay Dying section 28.)When a great many people lose a friend or family member it very well may be the most decimating occasion that happens to an individual, yet not to Anse Bundren.When Addie Bundren died, subsequent to being debilitated for a long time, Anse, her long time spouse, was centered around just a single thing, himself. Anse doesn't assume liability of his family, he relies upon his various kids for a salary, and he is mistaken for his actions.Using God to legitimize his lethargy, voracity, and childishness Anse is the most questionable character in As I Lay Dying. Anse Bundren was his very own specialist ranch. He had his own property, dairy cattle, and fields.He didn't live with his own folks on his homestead. He would pass a school building on his approach to town and one day got a brief look at the teacher, Addie. In the wake of passing her school building on various occasions Anse at long last picked up the mental fortitude to converse with her.After Anse asked, Addie acknowledged a proposition to be engaged and chosen that she would wed a man like Anse.Even however Addie was not excessively excited to wed Anse she didn't figure her life would end in a hopeless, cold marriage. When Addie acknowledged how miserable her life had become she expressed, â€Å"So I took Anse. What's more, when I realized that I had Cash, I realized that living was horrendous and this was the response to it. That was the point at which I discovered that words are nothing but bad; that words don’t ever fit even what they are attempting to state at.†. Addie and Anse had four kids; Cash, Darl, Dewey Dell, and Vardaman. Addie then took part in an extramarital entanglements with the reverend. Reverend Whitfield and Addie had a child, Jewel.Jewel was Addie’s escape, he was her preferred kid and seeing him caused her to recall the more joyful occasions throughout her life. When Anse’s children got mature enough Anse set them to deal with the ranch. Anse’s pardon for his lethargy is that â€Å"if he sweats, he will die†.Anse’s youngsters never observed him sweat, b

Women Involvement in Business

Ladies Involvement in Business Unique If advancement of man truly happened, at that point most likely it occurred in the business side of life and the manner in which individuals complete it. In the previous years, the business part was commanded by men, from the little scope organizations to huge scope worldwide associations. This could have been the ‘stone age ‘of the business life portrayed by male predominance in all the business sectors.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Women Involvement in Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More around then the safeguard of ladies was the home and minor situations in the business field. Ladies were seen unequipped for dealing with genuine business matters, and were a piece sidelined here. This period was trailed by the illumination time in which ladies started to understand the extraordinary potential and the impact on business situations that they gangs. It is in this period that ladies fired taking up senior situations in business and changing the associations they work for. Women’s association in business has become a significant issue that has raised blended responses from various corners of the business world. Women’s cooperation in business has seen the ascent of incredible champions like Vera Wang and Gail Kelly, who have made changeless stamps in the male overwhelmed business world. This paper talks about the issue of ladies in business and how it influences the manner in which business is done at present. Ladies association in business has been an issue that has raised a lot of discussion and responses from various corners of the world. Some see it as lift to business, while others consider it to be a hindrance to business progress. In both of the points of view, ladies contribution in business is a significant issue related with undertaking exchange the present reality. This paper plates how this issue influences organizations in today’s world. Definition and Descripti on Women have been running organizations for a significant long time with no genuine acknowledgment being agreed to them. The absence of acknowledgment came in light of the fact that they worked in the imperceptible side of the business, which is behind their spouses. The main time they could rise was the point at which their spouses had died or when they were constrained by conditions to do as such. Various factors in today’s world have added to the perceivability of ladies in the business world. As more ladies joined the workforce in the ongoing past, they increased increasingly proficient and administrative experience and aptitudes expected to ascend to top situations in firms (Duff, 1993, p. 45).Advertising Looking for report on sexual orientation contemplates? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of later, the pattern has changed and we can see a ton of ladies going to the spotlight, with larger part of them taking up t esting positions in the business world. Positions like CEO, presidents, among others are presently no longer holds for the male sexual orientation. In prior years the female society ruled business parts like the style and patterns, and food segments yet of late they have moved into men overwhelmed areas like designing and development. Not at all like men who enter organizations for development openings and benefit making, ladies join this world to meet individual objectives like gaining the sentiments of achievement and accomplishment among others (Laurie, 1990, p. 34). Ladies will in general consider money related accomplishment as affirmation and confirmation that their capacity is bearing verification instead of an inspiration for joining business. Territories of Business Affected The issue of ladies in business has raised different responses from different corners of the business world, explicitly the zones where this issue has become a hindrance instead of a preferred position. There has been a pattern of ladies taking up administrative situations in numerous associations, and however this number is still low, the pattern is developing bit by bit (Walsh Heppner, 2006, p. 461). Ladies in the executives positions represent thirty three percent of those in authoritative posts and 40% of those in proficient related occupations (Davidson Burke, 2000, p. 224). Another territory where the issue of ladies in business is clear is the expanding number of female business people. The quantity of ladies business visionaries has been expanding since the 1990s where there were more than 6,000,000 female business people in the United States alone (Davidson Burke, 2000, p. 234). It is evaluated that by the beginning of the twenty-first century, ladies will make up of 50% of the independently employed American populace. Ladies have claimed organizations for a considerable length of time, however the greater part of them have been working one next to the other with their li fe partners, and that is the explanation their endeavors have not been perceived. Regardless of filling in as workers, various ladies are leaving the business field for independent work because of number of factors.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Women Involvement in Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These components incorporate victimization ladies all the more so in bigger organizations, lewd behavior, and the need to adjust family and vocation life. A few ladies discover enterprise as the perfect answer for shuffle the contending requests of family and vocation, on account of single ladies this endeavor is a methods for keeping neediness under control (Silver, 1994, p. 56). Ladies enterprise has additionally been encouraged by the sharing of duties of taking of youngsters in the family unit by the two accomplices. It is not, at this point a pattern wherein the lady is left with all the kid mindful and house the executives issues a s the man goes out to bring nourishment for the family. This has additionally eased the lady of certain jobs and given her much time to try in undertakings. Further to this, the cutting edge law will in general advance value and fairness giving chances to ladies to exceed expectations in such fields simply like their male partners. Another division of business that is seeing an expansion in ladies agents is the administrative side or the meeting room issues of associations. The quantity of female heads is as yet immaterial particularly in the underdeveloped countries, however a significant number of them are step by step procuring such positions. This perspective has additionally been moved by the issues of sexual orientation balance and governmental policy regarding minorities in society, for instance the Norwegian quantity arrangement of its state law proposes a 40% female portrayal of the board individuals in any organization (Vinnicombe, Singh, Burke, Bilimoria, Huse, 2008, p. 8 1). Ladies portrayal and impact in the executive gatherings has influenced dynamic and has a dash of ‘professionalization’ in the entire procedure delineated by progressively far reaching and formal gatherings (Vinnicombe et al., 2008, p. 120). Issues Associated Women inclusion in business has introduced probably the most strange issues, and some have cost a few organizations millions as far as incomes. In spite of the way that administrations are battling for an expanded number of ladies portrayal in meeting rooms, there is an extraordinary requirement for certain choices to be left to the male officials of the company.Advertising Searching for report on sexual orientation examines? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Despite the fact that specialists have demonstrated that ladies are preferred directors over men, there is requirement for the dynamic to be left to the men. There could be segregated situations where ladies are acceptable fantastic leaders, however the greater part of the pie recommends something else. A portion of these issues include: Decline of Profits A more noteworthy ladies portrayal in organizations meeting rooms has a welcomed a constructive outcome on sexual orientation portrayal in the organization to the detriment of the company’s benefits. Late research shows that utilizing more ladies in meeting rooms can devastate a company’s money related execution, since female chiefs center more around disposing of failing to meet expectations male officials, which could make the organization less beneficial (Koster, 2009, p. 1). This exploration further shows that organizations having more prominent female portrayals in their meeting rooms are less beneficial with low er advertise values. Ladies are expeditious at going to the executive gatherings and have a superior record than their male partners, and in truth their attributes could benefit a gravely run organization. Despite what might be expected, these attributes could adversely influence the very much administered organizations. Absence of Authority The female society by and large come up short on the legitimate character that their male official partners have. There are increasingly centered around close to home encounters, family, among different issues. Chiefs are generally legitimate individuals, and are required to direct the guidelines and the structure so as to deal with the subordinates viably. Inadequacy The proposition by governmental policy regarding minorities in society to build ladies portrayals in meeting rooms has prompted the work of awkward people, trying to satisfy the requests forced by the law (Dodenhoff, 1997, p. 10). Inadequacy is gotten by the reality, that utilizing inadequate ladies for the presents leads on decreases in corporate administration, for instance the Norwegian move to bring female portrayal up in meeting rooms by 40% has prompted a normal of 20% drop in corporate administration in the organizations that acquired the new and generally unpracticed female people (Crumley, 2010, p. 8). Getting Financing for Entrepreneurs The female business visionaries typically face greater difficulties with regards to acquiring financing when contrasted with men. In the ongoing past, ladies have confronted segregations with regards to getting advances for undertakings. In spite of the fact that this hindrance is being lifted, it is as yet experienced in the underdeveloped nations and immature economies. Sexual orientation Discrimination Gender separation is obvious in that ladies can just overwhelm

Coke Is Better Than Pepsi Essay

Pepsi and Coca Cola have for some time been equals in the showcasing business and two most conspicuous names in soda pops. Together they produce the #1 (Coca Cola), #2 (Diet Coke) and #3 (Pepsi) soda pops in the United States and each make several billions of dollars in benefits each year. Since 1886, Coke has been going solid holding the honor of â€Å"Best Soda Drink in the World.† In 2011, Coke despite everything beats Pepsi in deals and long haul trials. I absolutely concur in light of the fact that to me, Coke is better quickly! The taste, the passionate brandings, and their promoting procedures are a portion of the reasons everybody is dependent on coke! The taste is unfathomable and unquestionably beyond words Pepsi tastes better than Coke. While this frequently makes buyers at first like the item more than Coke, however individuals have announced that the more they drink it the less agreeable the beverage is. Coca Cola’s season is far progressively unpleasant and sweet, which permits you to drink over extensive stretches of time. It just becomes something you appreciate everlastingly not at all like Pepsi. Coke has profoundly obvious spots on top of the line shows like â€Å"The Voice† and the Super bowl. Coca Cola gets its image before more individuals. Over the most recent couple of years, Pepsi has settled on less conventional battles that have not had enormous adjustments. Coca Cola is increasingly attractive and more set up in general, which permits them to sell more items, however get more cash-flow what's more. We love old fashioned Coke! It suits the entirety of our thirst all in all and puts a grin on our appearances. The taste, the enthusiastic brandings, and their advertising strategies keep everybody LOVING Coke, the same amount of as I do if not more!

Information Systems For Managers (Report Assignment) Assignment

Information Systems For Managers (Report Assignment) Assignment Information Systems For Managers (Report Assignment) â€" Assignment Example > Social, ethical legal issues arising from the implementation and use of information systems at University of Southern Queensland (USQ)The society we live in today is being transformed by evolving technologies that changes the way we operate at the most fundamental levels, this transformation has been precipitated by a number of trends which directly affect our personal lives. But what is mostly ignored or rather forgotten amidst all the discussion is although Information technology comes with a number of solutions and benefits, it may as well come with its own unique problems at the USQ set up. Some of the problems associated with Information Systems implementation may include: IT-Lag time: According to Kraemer et al. (1980), USQ is likely to experience some wasted years from the time of project implementation, this is the time the university will take between introducing a new system to the time the system has been fully adopted and accepted in the university. This particular la g time is going to delay USQ’s return on investment on that particular information system and this may lead into politics transpiring at the board level which may dent the reputation and credibility of the university. There should also be real time connectivity which enables processes such as billing to be performed on demand regardless of the physical location while at the same time providing USQ’s Students, with real time financial information regardless of their location. Operational feasibility: this is the most critical but often overlooked during the procurement process, when dealing with the planning, acquisition and implementation, operational feasibility attempts to address how well the predetermined technical alternatives are going to be effective within the context of USQ day to day operations and the environment (Braithwaite, 1996). It is a measure of how well the system is going to address the problems mentioned, how well the proposed system is going to solve the p roblems addressed. The system has to properly function in order for it to be widely accepted within the community around it, and in this regard the USQ students and staffs. Employees: USQ insiders who may be the employees or contractors may access the users financial information via the universities information systems networks and this pose some risk to the university because employees who are experiencing some form of financial difficulties may abuse the system they work with and use it to commit fraud which is likely to put the entire universities reputation in jeopardy and present looming legal lawsuits (Cappelli et al. 2007). Technical employees who work at USQ may abuse their intimate knowledge of the university information system; they then may use technical loopholes in order to sabotage the university information system infrastructure which may be as a form of revenge for some office politics against them or some negative work related issues with their bosses (Cappelli et al. 2007). Phishing: Here fake emails are sent from an agency or individual who pretends to represent USQ, this email may be directed to USQ staff or students asking them for their sensitive personal information, if a user follows this particular malicious link and provides his personal information, the intruder is able to gain access to a users personal account or USQ sensitive information together with the financial details such as credit card numbers (US-CERT, 2008).

Essay on “Arnolfini Wedding Portrait” by Jan van Eyck

Essay on â€Å"Arnolfini Wedding Portrait† by Jan van Eyck Arnolfini Portrait was painted by Jan van Eyck in 1434 and it is oil on oak panel. This painting represents two people, a husband and a wife who are making an arrangement. The nature of this arrangement is discussed in articles and different authors think differently of this painting. There is a mutual consensus that this painting serves as a form of evidence about the relationship between the husband and the wife. The two articles are: In the Name of God and Profit: Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait† by Margaret D. Carroll and Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait: Business as Usual? by Linda Seidel. In the Name of God and Profit: Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait† was written by Margaret D. Carroll and it is the article which deals with the meaning of the painting. There is a depiction of what merchants were like in Italy in the 15th century and the true meaning of the Arnolfini Portrait is sought after. Arnolfini is a merchant and it is a person who needs money. He accumulates wealth, but according to the church and to the moral conduct of the time, there was the right way of earning money. A just merchant is the one who is pleasing God and just to men. This belongs to a medieval culture and a merchant of that time had to obey the rules. It is widely known that: â€Å"Arnolfini earned his fortune through international trade, finance, and money lending to the French and Burgundian courts. He owned a house in Bruges near one owned by his wifes relatives, the Cenami, another family of wealthy merchants originally from Lucca† (Carroll 97). His wife’s family was f rom France, but settled in Italy and her family was more prosperous than his. He married above his social status because he needed money for trade. Arnolfini was involved in financial ventures starting from 1421 and he dealt with textile. There is a record that he lent money to the duke of Burgundy in 1425 and he also became a supplier for Philip the Good. Arnolfini became an established figure in Burgundy and France and their court circles. He became a financier, a merchant and a courtier and he worked on his own. This painting suggests that his wife, Giovanna managed his affairs while he was absent because of business. This was common in the medieval Italy and the wife needed to have consent from her husband. Giovanna was able to manage Arnolfini’s business so that nobody else would be involved in it. Once that he dies, she was the executor of his wealth. This painting is supposed to represent a legal authorization which Arnolfini gave her to conduct his business. There are the elements of contract in the painting, there is good faith and mutual consent. There are also witnesses, visible in the mirror and the painter’s signature serves as a legal element also. In this painting the couple is already married and this is just an agreement that the wife is authorized to work on behalf of her husband. The painting is set in the bedroom because at the time, there was no distinction between public and private space in one’s home: â€Å"a businesslike transaction is shown taking place in a bedroom, one may answer that late medieval houses did not rigorously separate spaces for domestic and mercantile activity. In general, storerooms and offices were not clearly distinguished from living spaces† (Carroll 102). Arnolfini’s footwear is for outside, while Giovanna’s is for the inside which shows the roles a husband and wife have in this marriage. Her activity is related to their home, while his is related to the outside world. H er position is by the bed, which indicates her role at home, while his is by the window. The painting served as an evidence of a contract between Arnolfini and his wife. This is the affirmation of Giovanna’s involvement in her husband’s business affairs. A wife was not able to be involved in any kind of a legal transaction without a legal consent of her husband which is why this painting is so important as it does not represent marriage according to Carroll. The Arnolfini family are a merchant couple and this is what this portrait represents. There are other elements in this painting, such as religious ones: â€Å"Of crucial importance in the late Middle Ages was a merchants reputation for Christian piety-attested in this painting by the historiated mirror frame with scenes of the passion and the amber prayer beads on the wall next to it† (Carroll 105). Good faith is also one of the main themes in the painting and it can be seen in the right hand which Arnolfini raised. He also joined hands with Giovanna and there is a small dog between them, a sign of fidelity. Good faith was extremely important in those times and one’s reputation was at stake because of it. Legal matters could not be settled in court and that is why it was best to do business with merchants who were known for good faith. It was not honorable to accumulate wealth for oneself, but for the family and the country. Giovanna also seems to be pregnant in the painting which suggests the fruitfulness of the married couple. There is also the bed in the painting which is the ultimate indicator of good faith and a good relationship between the husband and wife. The family is ethical, pious and wealthy and that is exactly what this painting serves to show. Moreover, â€Å"van Eycks nuptial imagery speaks to the late medieval corporative ethos of partnership, good faith in contracts, and the sharing of both profits and risks† (Carroll 114). The husband and wife are in a legally binding contract which is based on good faith coming from both sides. There is also no central figure in the portrait and the attention is divided between the husband and the wife. There can also be seen people in the mirror and there is the painter’s signature above. The people are witnesses to this contract. Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait: Business as Usual? is an article written by Linda Seidel and it suggests that there is a different meaning of the painting. „The painting represents an Italian cloth merchant, Giovanni Arnolfini, and his foreign-born wife, Giovanna Cenami, standing together and holding hands in a well-lit domestic interior where they are surrounded by personal belongingsâ€Å" (Seidel 57). There is also a dog in front of them and a mirror in the back. The painter also put the date and his signature in the painting. Seidel suggests that this is the painting which represents the actual marriage which served as the way for Arnolfini to get dowry and for Giovanna’s father to give her to her husband. There is no priest, but van Eyck was a landowner and capable of serving as the person who can guarantee for the marriage in the legal way. The bedroom serves as a nuptial room and there is also symmetry which suggests the equality of the married couple. Giovanna ’s family was very wealthy and they were also merchants, so it is a fact that Arnolfini was marrying into a wealthier family. The negotiations â€Å"between parents of future spouses would be kept secret until the pledged parties reached an appropriate age or the families accumulated a suitable dowry. The marriage ceremony proper began with a public meeting between male members of the familiesâ€Å" (Seidel 63). The father of the bride represented her and she took no part in this or in the decision making process. Afterwards, the groom would go and meet the bride during the day with the notary present and the groom would give a ring to his bride to be. The groom also brought gifts at this stage which can be seen in the Arnolfini Portrait. The marriage is complete once it is announced to the public. What can be seen in the painting is that: â€Å"it is Ring Day, around noon, and Giovanni has entered the house of Giovanna accompanied by family members. Their arrival is ascer tained by the alert dog and is attested to as well by the mirrors imagesâ€Å" (Seidel 66). It is the bride’s room since her shoes can be seen near the bench used for praying. This painting serves as the proof to the bride’s father that the groom has taken the dowry so that it can be given back to Giovanna once it is necessary. I chose Carroll’s article over Seidel’s because it makes more sense to me. It is also written in a better, more comprehensible way. While Seidel repeats her findings in the course of numerous pages, Carroll is very clear. Her organization makes her points seem reasonable and it is more persuasive than the portrait represents a legal agreement than the marriage itself. It is also possible that the marriage with the motive of a dowry takes place in the portrait, because of all the evidence, such as the bedroom, the clothes and the witnesses. However, the bride seems to be pregnant, so it seems more plausible that the marriage already took place. Reading these arguments changed my point of view about the painting because I never thought of the marriage as a business transaction. Both articles have plenty of evidence and it is upon personal preference to choose one as the explanatory for the Arnolfini Portrait. This painting serves as a piece of evidence that marriage was about business in medieval Italy.